Determination of multiple pharmaceutical classes in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography–ion trap–tandem mass spectrometry

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

“…The most sensitive species was shown to be D. magna for which EC50 values of 30.1 [82] or 50 mg L −1 [83] were reported. Some authors reported the presence of paracetamol in STP effluents at concen-trations below to 20 ng L −1 [53] to 4.3 µg L −1 [14], and in surface waters, values can reach 78.17 µg L −1 [84] (Table 1), which are val-ues higher than the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 9.2 µg L −1 [85]. Hence, paracetamol might represent a threat for non-target organisms.…”

Simultaneous determination of human and veterinary antibiotics in various environmental matrices by rapid resolution liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

“…Matrix effects were calculated by spiking the standard solutions at a concentration of 100 g/L for each compound into the sample extracts of the seven environmental matrices and comparing the obtained concentration in matrix to the concentration in solvent [61]. The values of greater or less than 100% indicate signal enhancement or suppression, respectively.…”

“…Matrix effect was an important factor for TCs recoveries, while Shao et al [61] reported recoveries of TCs increased with increasing Na 2 EDTA content from 0.5 to 1 g. FQs (including CAR) had 53-200% recoveries at pH 3 and 52-495% recoveries at pH 7. High recoveries of some FQs compounds were probably due to the difference of absolute recoveries between those compounds and CFX (CFX-D 8 ), in accordance with a previous report [30].…”

Trends in the occurrence of human and veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River in northern China

“…Matrix effects were calculated using the equation described by Grujic et al (2009). Matrix effect (%) is calculated as percentage of the analyte signal in matrix to the analyte signal in solvent.…”