Determination of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin in urine and plasma by HPLC–FLD–DAD using pentafluorophenyl core–shell column: Application to drug monitoring

Abstract

Concentrations of fluoroquinolones, which are used in the treatment of many bacterial infections, should be monitored in biological fluids as they exhibit concentration‐dependent bactericidal activity. In this study, a liquid chromatography method for the determination of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin in human urine and plasma was developed for the first time. The efficiency of five different columns for the separation of these fluoroquinolones was compared. Experimental parameters that affect the separation, such as percentage of organic solvent, pH, temperature, gradient shape and detector wavelength, were optimized by a step‐by‐step approach. Using a pentafluorophenyl core–shell column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm), the separation of four analytes was accomplished in <7.5 min. The developed method was validated for the determination of analytes in both urine and plasma with respect to sensitivity, specificity, linearity (r ≥ 0.9989), recovery (79.46–102.69%), accuracy, precision and stability (85.79–111.07%). The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracies were within 89.55–111.94% with relative standard deviations of 0.35–8.05%. The feasibility of method was demonstrated by analyzing urine and plasma samples of patients orally receiving levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin. The developed method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of these fluoroquinolones and can be applied to pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.

Simultaneous Determination of Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin in Animal Tissues with the Use of Capillary Electrophoresis with Transient Pseudo-Isotachophoresis

“…FQLs possess powerful bactericidal properties. They inhibit the transcription and replication of bacterial DNA by cutting bacterial DNA in the gyrase DNA and type IV topoisomerase enzymatic complexes [1,2]. This bactericidal activity is observed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.…”

“…Therefore, the development of new, sensitive and selective analytical methods for the determination of FQL residues in food and the environment is of the utmost importance [5,6]. These actions should enable the optimal dose of the relevant drugs to be judged, thus minimizing treatment time in order to prevent the negative effects of antibiotic use [2]. This paper describes how we developed our method for detecting ciprofloxacin (Cpx) and ofloxacin (Ofx) in animal tissues.…”

“…This paper describes how we developed our method for detecting ciprofloxacin (Cpx) and ofloxacin (Ofx) in animal tissues. Several HPLC-UV methods enable the determination of these compounds in various matrices, e.g., in human plasma and urine [2,7]. Methods based on HPLC-MS for FQLs' determination in wastewater [8,9] or animal products [10,11] are also described in the literature.…”

Eco-friendly fluorimetric approaches for the simultaneous estimation of the co-administered ternary mixture: etoposide, moxifloxacin and nalbuphine

“…Several methods have been reported in the literature for the estimation of ETO, MOX and NAL in their pharmaceutical dosage form and/or biological fluids; for ETO: spectrophotometric [8], spectrofluorimetric (SF) [9], electrochemical [10,11], high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) [12], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [13][14][15][16][17], gas chromatography (GC) [18] and capillary electrophoresis (CP) [19]; for MOX: spectrophotometric [20,21], SF [22], electrochemical [23], HPTLC [24], HPLC [25][26][27] and CP [28] and for NAL spectrophotometric [29][30][31], SF [31,32], flow injection analysis [33,34], HPLC [35][36][37] and GC [38]. These presented methods did not guide the monitoring of these three drugs in the biological matrices.…”

Determination of Nateglinide in Tablet Formulation by HPLC Using a Pentafluorophenyl Core-Shell Column

“…Different vendors commercialized stationary phases with a variety of chemistries, that is, C18, C8, HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, phenylhexyl and pentafluorophenyl (Ali et al, 2012). Core-shell columns packed with pentaflurophenyl silica were applied with success for the analysis of tocopherols (Bakir et al, 2020), phenolic compounds (Serni et al, 2020) and fluoroquinolones (Yıldırım et al, 2020).…”