Determination of hormonal growth promoters in bovine hair: Comparison of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for estradiol benzoate and nortestosterone decanoate

Detectability of testosterone esters and estradiol benzoate in bovine hair and plasma following pour-on treatment

“…Hooijerink et al developed an LC/MS/MS method for the determination of intact estradiol benzoate in hair using the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) [22]. Meanwhile, that method has been further developed towards a true multiresidue screening method for all kinds of intact esters of testosterone, boldenone and estradiol [23] and adopted by other countries as well [24]. Thanks to this method, several cases of illegal use of synthetic esters of natural steroids were discovered in recent years.…”

Natural Hormones in Food-Producing Animals:Legal Measurements and Analytical Implications

“…So, the www.intechopen.com simple detection and confirmation of the presence of these semisynthetic versions are not always possible. That is particularly true for estradiol benzoate, which has only been detected in hair up to date (Duffy et al, 2009;Hooijerink et al, 2005;Rambaud et al, 2005;Stolker et al, 2009), because estradiol benzoate undergoes the loss of the ester group once it reaches the bloodstream. In order to detect the administration of these esterified substances, new analytical approaches are required, in the same manner that they are required to detect the administration of exogenous hormones in their natural chemical form (estradiol, testosterone or progesterone).…”

“…These exogenous natural compounds (or even hormonal esters) follow the same pathways as the natural compounds biosynthesized by the animal, making the detection and confirmation of their exogenous administration difficult, if not impossible. These circumstances have led to the lack of success in detecting hormone esters such as estradiol benzoate in serum or plasma, which has only been confirmed in hair from animals treated with this ester (Duffy et al, 2009;Regal et al, 2008). Some promising approaches have been published in recent years in regard to the development of methods that allow unambiguous discrimination between the presence of a natural endogenous hormone and its presence as a result of an illegal exogenous administration.…”

“…With regard to the confirmation of use of xenobiotic analogues of natural sex steroids and non-steroidal compounds, such as stilbenes and zeranol, there is an extensive range of successful methods that has been performed on different analytic matrices. These analytical procedures have made the confirmation of illicit administrations of anabolics in cattle feasible (De Brabander et al, 2007;Duffy et al, 2009;Kaklamanos et al, 2011;Noppe et al, 2008).…”

Comparison of Liquid and Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Multiclass Pesticides at Low Concentrations

“…[1][2][3] GC-MS=MS has not been studied as extensively as LC-MS=MS, and the comparison of the two techniques in the analysis of pesticide at low concentrations has been limited. The comparison of the two techniques has been carried out on other classes of compounds and substrates, such as growth hormones in veal meat [4] and steroid estrogens. [5] Nevertheless, articles have been published concerning the complementary use of GC-MS, [6][7][8] GC-MS=MS, and LC-MS= MS [6][7][8] for pesticides, where the superiority of MS=MS technique has been proved.…”