Determination of Herbicides in Milk Using Vortex-Assisted Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction Based on the Solidification of a Floating Organic Droplet

Abstract

A vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification-solidification liquid microextraction (VASEME-SFO) has been proposed for the determination of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in milk. 1-Dodecanol was used as the extraction solvent and dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of a vortex mixer. Meanwhile, the addition of a surfactant, which was used as an emulsifier, could enhance the speed of the mass transfer from aqueous samples to the extract solvent. Acetic acid and Na 2 SO 4 were applied and used to eliminate interference by proteins and fats. The influence of various parameters in the VASEME-SFO such as the type and volume of the extraction solvent, the type and concentration of the surfactant, and the vortex time, salt addition, and sample solution pH were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) reached ranges of 0.005-0.09 and 0.015-0.30 μg L −1 , respectively. Dynamic linear ranges (DLRs) of 0.2-200 and 2-400 μg L −1 were obtained for triazine and phenylurea herbicides, respectively. The performance of the method was evaluated for extraction and determination of these herbicides in milk in micrograms per liter, and satisfactory results were obtained (RSD<10.6 %).

Determination of carcinogenic herbicides in milk samples using green non-ionic silicone surfactant of cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry

“…As the CPT is decreased, the extraction efficiency is increased [ 28 ]. Other than that, addition of salt is also known to decrease the analyte concentration in the aqueous phase [ 29 ].…”

Determination of Sulfonamides in Milk by Cloud Point-Salting Out Extraction and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…Firstly, the mass of Na2SO4 was set as 0.3 g based on the literatures, and the volume of AC ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 mL was investigated. 19 As shown as Fig. 2A, the recoveries of all SAs was remarkably increased when the volume of AC was enhanced from 0.05 to 0.15 mL but marginally decreased with the volume of AC higher than 0.15 mL.…”

Rapid analysis of triazine herbicides in fruit juices using evaporation-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplets and HPLC-DAD

“…Table 3 shows a comparison of their extraction solvents, extraction times, auxiliary equipment requirements, linearity ranges, LODs, and recovery rates. [35][36][37][38] It is worth noting, rst of all, that the long-chain alcohol 1dodecanol is safe to use and readily available compared to [C 6 MIM][PF 6 ] and chlorobenzene. Secondly, the extraction time of the present procedure (1 min) is much shorter than some of the other methods.…”