Determination of halogenated hydrocarbons by combined use of neutron activation analysis and capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

Measurement of molecular weight distributions of organic halide in kraft mill waste streams, waste solids and pulp

“…Analysis of the specific and nonspecific organochlorine composition of pulp effluents has involved several techniques, including activated carbon/pyrolysis/ microcoulometry (AC/MC) (1,3), Schoniger combustion (4), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (5,6), gas chromatography (GC) (6,7), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (6,7,8), and spectroscopy with a plasma emission source (3). Simple chlorination byproducts such as chlorophenols have been measured and quantified by gas chromatography although accurate analysis of complex mixtures (e.g., Kraft mill wastewater) has required the use of a capillary GC (10).…”

“…The strongest confirmation of compound identity has required the more complex technique of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Researchers in Norway have reported that GC and GC/MS were effective "techniques for identifying and quantifying known compounds, but the NAA method proved more accurate at concentrations below 0.2 ng/ml (5,6,7). Yet, due to a nonvolatile, heterogeneous nature, chlorolignins cannot be measured by GC.…”

Determination of Extractable Organic Chlorine and Bromine by Probe Injection Dual-Microplasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

“…Sum parameters such as extractable organic halogen/chlorine/bromine (EOX/EOCl/EOBr) are, therefore, often used to estimate the total load of halogenated compounds into the environment. Several different extraction methods have been developed to determine the sum parameters. − Most of them utilize either microcoulometric titration or neutron activation analysis (NAA) as detection methods. The microcoulometric titration method is relatively inexpensive but cannot distinguish between chlorine and bromine (EOCl and EOBr).…”