Determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl in red ginseng products using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with GC–MS

Abstract

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was applied for the determination of glyoxal as quinoxaline, methylglyoxal as 2‐methylquinoxaline, and diacetyl as 2,3‐dimethylquinoxaline in red ginseng products. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated under optimum extraction conditions (extraction solvent: chloroform 100 μL, disperser solvent: methanol 200 μL, derivatizing agent concentration: 5 g/L, reaction time: 1 h, and no addition of salt). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1.30 and 4.33 μg/L for glyoxal, 1.86 and 6.20 μg/L for methylglyoxal, and 1.45 and 4.82 μg/L for diacetyl. The intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were <4.95 and 5.80%, respectively. The relative recoveries were 92.4–103.9% in red ginseng concentrate and 99.4–110.7% in juice samples. Red ginseng concentrates were found to contain 191–4274 μg/kg of glyoxal, 1336–4798 μg/kg of methylglyoxal, and 0–830 μg/kg of diacetyl, whereas for red ginseng juices, the respective concentrations were 72–865, 69–3613, and 6–344 μg/L.

Isotope-Coding Derivatization for Quantitative Profiling of Reactive α-Dicarbonyl Species in Processed Botanicals by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…Hongshen samples were found to not only contain comparable amounts of GO, MG, and DA (averaged at 0.79, 1.2, and 0.25 μg/g, respectively) to those reported in red ginseng products 43 but also include a plethora of untargeted α-DC species. Hongshen is a well-known traditional medicine made by steaming and drying the fresh roots of P. ginseng, which contains a large amount of sugars (sucrose >100 mg/g, maltose >50 mg/g and monosaccharides <10 mg/g) and amino acids (arginine >10 mg/g, total 15 others < 5 mg/g).…”

“…Hongshen samples were found to not only contain comparable amounts of GO, MG, and DA (averaged at 0.79, 1.2, and 0.25 μg/g, respectively) to those reported in red ginseng products but also include a plethora of untargeted α-DC species. Hongshen is a well-known traditional medicine made by steaming and drying the fresh roots of P.…”

“…Hongshen is a well-known traditional medicine made by steaming and drying the fresh roots of P. ginseng, which contains a large amount of sugars (sucrose >100 mg/g, maltose >50 mg/g and monosaccharides <10 mg/g) and amino acids (arginine >10 mg/g, total 15 others < 5 mg/g). 44 This processing should involve the Maillard reaction 43 between the reducing disaccharides (mainly maltose) with amines. Sucrose is a nonreducing sugar that cannot form enediols to further convert into α-DCs through dehydration or oxidation.…”

Analyzing volatiles in brown rice vinegar by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)–Arrow: Optimizing the extraction conditions and comparisons with conventional SPME

“…[22] These results are consistent with those of a previous study, in which NaCl was used in an attempt to improve the salting-out effect. [23] To ensure optimal extraction performance, salt was not added in further studies. On the basis of the above-mentioned experimental results, the optimum extraction time, extraction temperature, NaCl concentration, and fiber type for the HS-SPME-Arrow analysis of brown rice vinegar were determined to be 30 min, 50°C, 0%, and the CAR/PDMS SPME-Arrow fiber, respectively.…”

Highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of the genotoxic methylglyoxal in glycerol‐containing pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements

“…[ 1 ] It naturally occurs in some plant products and Manuka honey but can also form during food processing. [ 2–7 ] It interacts with protein and DNA causing cell damage and is linked to renal dysfunction, vascular disorders, ageing, Alzheimer's and degenerative diseases. [ 8–10 ] Elevated MGO levels were found in the plasma of diabetics and are used for diagnosis and monitoring progression.…”