Determination of Ginsenosides in Plant Extracts from <i>Panax ginseng </i>and<i> Panax quinquefolius L</i>. by LC/MS/MS

Wang, Xiaomin; Sakuma, Takeo; Asafu-Adjaye, Ebenezer B.; Shiu, Gerald K.

doi:10.1021/ac980890p

Cited by 203 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The composition of both the present and our original batch is consistent with panax quinquefolius L. Key ratios and the presence and absence of various ginsenosides are used in the authentication of ginseng. A ratio of Rb 1 :Rg 1 > 3 (Ma et al, 1996;Awang et al, 2000) and ratios of Rg 1 :Re and Rb 2 :Rc < 1 have been shown to be indicative of Panax quinquefolius L. (Chan et al, 2000;Wang et al, 1999). The most powerful marker is the absence of Rf, a ginsenoside not found in AG and distinctive for Asian ginseng (Ma et al, 1996;Awang et al, 2000;Chan et al, 2000;Li et al, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

et al. 2003

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Background:We have repeatedly reported that American ginseng (AG) with a specific ginsenoside profile significantly decreases postprandial glycemia. Whether this effect is reproducible using AG with a different profile is unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of a different batch of AG on glycemia following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods: Using a randomized, single blind design, 12 normal subjects (six males and six females, aged 31 AE 3 y, body mass index (BMI) 28 AE 2 kg=m 2 ) received 6 g AG or placebo 40 min before a 75 g OGTT. The protocol followed the guidelines for the OGTT, with venous blood samples drawn at 7 40, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Ginsenosides in the AG were assessed by established methods for HPLC-UV. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that there was no significant effect of the AG on incremental plasma glucose (PG) or insulin (PI) or their areas under the curve Indices of insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index (ISI)) and release (DPI 30-0 =DPG 30-0 ) calculated from the OGTT were also unaffected. The AG contained 1.66% total ginsenosides, 0.90% (20S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides, and 0.75% (20S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides, with the following key ratios: PPD:PPT of 1.2, Rb 1 :Rg 1 of 8.1, and Rb 2 :Rc of 0.18. Conclusions: The present batch of AG was unable to reproduce the postprandial hypoglycemic effects we observed previously. Possible explanations for this discrepancy include marked decrements in total ginsenosides and the key ratios PPD:PPT, Rb 1 :Rg 1 , and Rb 2 :Rc. These data suggest that the ginsenoside profile of AG might play a role in its hypoglycemic effects. The involvement of other components cannot, however, be precluded.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

et al. 2003

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“…Importantly, NAG contains a 3-to 5-times higher content of ginsenosides and different profile of ginsenosides than both forms of P ginseng. 2,15,16,24,28 As well, KRG is the only marketed ginseng to contain ginsenoside Rg 3 , the most potent vasodilating ginsenoside. 36 To date, 4 clinical interventions have tested the effect of P ginseng root on BP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Briefly, the total ginsenoside content of NAG was 62.8 mg/g; as well, its authenticity was indicated by the lack of ginsenoside Rf, which is absent from NAG but found in other ginseng species, such as P ginseng. 24 We administered NAG and cornstarch as powders in identical blue-white 500 mg #00 capsules (with vanilla extract added to mask smell and taste), which were prepared by Sunny Crunch Foods Ltd (Markham, Ontario, Canada).…”

Section: Treatments and Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Intake of North American Ginseng Has No Effect on 24-Hour Blood Pressure and Renal Function

et al. 2006

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Abstract-Ginseng is consumed by 10% to 20% of adults in Asia and by up to 5% in Western countries. Despite observational evidence suggesting a link between its intake and the development of hypertension, there remains no long-term scrutiny for its effect on blood pressure (BP). We therefore undertook a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial in 52 hypertensive individuals to determine the effect of 12-week North American ginseng intake on 24-hour BP; we also measured serum cystatin C as a marker of renal function. After a 4-week placebo run-in, we randomly assigned 52 participants to 3 g/day of ginseng or placebo for 12 weeks. This was followed by an 8-week washout and a subsequent 12-week period in which the opposite treatment was administered. At run-in and at weeks 0 and 12 of each treatment period, participants were fitted with an ambulatory BP monitor to assess 24-hour BP. The primary outcome was the treatment difference at week 12 in mean 24-hour systolic BP. Secondary outcomes were treatment differences at week 12 in other ambulatory BP parameters and serum cystatin C. Forty participants (77%) completed the trial, with 3 removed from main analysis (nϭ2, antihypertensive drug changes; nϭ1, incomplete ambulatory monitoring). In the remaining 37, 12-week ginseng treatment was associated with a neutral effect on all ambulatory BP parameters compared with placebo; an intention-to-treat analysis supported this. Ginseng did not affect serum cystatin C level. Overall, long-term ginseng use had no effect on 24-hour BP and renal function in hypertensive individuals. It is also shown through randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) to improve glycemic control 2 and cognitive function. 3 In contrast, however, there is repeated mention in the medical literature that ginseng can elevate blood pressure (BP). 4 -6 This stems from an early observational study by Siegel 7 that connected the self-reported use of ginseng to the development of hypertension in 14 individuals after 3 months of use. This possibility could have widespread impact, because ginseng is used by 10% to 20% of adults in Asia 8 -10 and by up to 5% in the United States, 11 Australia,12 and parts of Europe. 13 Furthermore, given that 20% to 40% of adults in these regions are estimated to have hypertension, 14 there is potential for overlap between the prevalence of ginseng use and hypertension. Still, there remains no longterm RCT investigation of the effect of ginseng on BP, and until such evaluations are undertaken, physicians will remain greatly limited in the advice they can provide to hypertensive individuals regarding ginseng use.Although many species of ginseng exist, Panax quinquefolius, or North American ginseng (NAG), and Panax ginseng together account for the majority of ginseng consumed worldwide. Recently, we demonstrated that single 3-g doses of NAG 15 and P ginseng 16 exert neutral and lowering effects on BP, respectively, for 160 minutes after intake. In the former study, 15 the neutral effect on BP was comprehensively ...

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“…Third, the batches had a typical NAG ginsenoside profile, lacking ginsenoside Rf and containing a low PPT/PPD ginsenoside ratio. 14,[17][18][19] The findings of this study are significant in light of the form and dose of NAG used, as well as the study design used. We used whole dried root, which is the primary, or natural, form of NAG that cultivators sell to marketers and manufacturers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

et al. 2005

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Abstract-An early observational study suggested that ginseng could elevate blood pressure. This caused concern because 4.5% of American adults use ginseng, with a popular choice being North American ginseng. To date, North American ginseng lacks hemodynamic evaluation; therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial to investigate its effect on blood pressure in 16 hypertensive individuals (meanϮSD age 61.1Ϯ8.1 years; systolic/diastolic blood pressure 132.4Ϯ12.8/83.3Ϯ8.1 mm Hg; 13 on antihypertensives). We used 6 batches of North American ginseng root that varied in quality and ginsenoside content, representing the spectrum of this ginseng on the market. On 8 mornings, each participant was fitted with an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, which measured blood pressure during a 30-minute baseline period. Each participant then consumed in a randomized and double-blind fashion 3 g of encapsulated treatment: placebo (on 2 mornings) or powdered North American ginseng (on 6 mornings). After treatment, blood pressure was measured every 10 minutes for 160 minutes, and its change at each post-treatment time point relative to baseline was determined per individual and averaged, and the mean was obtained for the overall 160-minute period. None of the North American ginsengs or their mean differed from placebo in their effect on overall (160 minutes) mean blood pressure change. None affected blood pressure versus placebo at the 10-minute intervals; but their mean versus placebo increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 140 and 160 minutes, respectively, and lowered diastolic blood pressure at 100 minutes. 2,3 This is based on an observational study by Siegel published Ͼ25 years ago, which found that hypertension developed in 14 adults reporting the use of ginseng root. 4 In response, medical commentaries recommend that hypertensive individuals avoid ginseng. 3 More recently, animal studies 5,6 and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) 7,8 show that Panax ginseng, the most consumed species of ginseng in the United States, exerts a neutral or lowering effect on BP. Although these outcomes contrast Siegel's finding, it should be noted that they pertain to a single ginseng species. Another commonly consumed species of ginseng in the United States is P quinquefolius, or North American ginseng (NAG), which ranks second to P ginseng for use. Together, these species comprise most of the ginseng that Ϸ9 million American adults consume annually. 9 However, to date, the effect of NAG on BP is unknown and could be important to address because this herb is used widely and acts biologically different from other ginseng species. 10 The importance of determining the effect of NAG on BP also holds from a phytochemical perspective. All ginsengs contain a group of triterpene glycosides called ginsenosides, which show antihypertensive efficacy in animals. Because the content of NAG and profile of ginsenosides differs from P ginseng, its potential effect on BP cannot be inferred from the latter and requir...

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Determination of Ginsenosides in Plant Extracts from Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius L. by LC/MS/MS

Cited by 203 publications

References 11 publications

Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

Long-Term Intake of North American Ginseng Has No Effect on 24-Hour Blood Pressure and Renal Function

North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

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