Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

Sievenpiper, John L.; Arnason, John T.; Leiter, Lawrence A.; Vuksan, Vladimir

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601550

Cited by 69 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Various formulations prepared from the Panax ginseng root have been marketed as dietary supplements, especially in China where it is frequently used as a food additive and as raw materials of healthy food rather than therapeutic agents (Gillis, 1997;Shen et al, 2003). Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants including ginseng are known to protect against oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species and prevent lipid per-oxidation (Sievenpiper et al, 2003;Fuzzati, 2004).…”

Section: Jojoba Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage

2011

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Section: Jojoba Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage

2011

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“…더욱이 최근에는 ginsenoside의 절대함량 뿐만 아니라 각 ginsenoside의 성분 조성비 (PD/PT 비율)가 당뇨병의 유효성과 관련된 약리 효과 발현에 중요한 역할을 시사하는 연구결과가 발표되고 있어 주목을 받 고 있다 (Sievenpiper JL et al, 2003 Rg 3 의 약리활성으로 혈관신생억제를 통한 항종양효과 및 항암 제 효과 상승 (Liu et al, 2009), 암세포의 정상세포내로 침 윤과 혈관신생의 억제를 통한 암세포 전이억제 (Mochizuki M et al, 1995, Xu et al, 2008, 항암제 내성 억제 (Park et al, 1995), 혈관 확장 작용 (Kim, 2008), 혈액순환촉진 (Matsuda et al, 2000), 혈소판 응집억제 (Kim, 2008;Samukawa et al, 1992), 인슐린 분비 촉진작용 , 항비만효과 (Hwang et al, 2009) (Jay et al, 1984;Kulkarmi and Anderson, 1984). LITERATURE CITED…”

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Changes of Ginsenosides and Color from Black Ginsengs Prepared by Steaming-Drying Cycles

Nam¹,

Lee²,

Moon³

et al. 2012

Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science

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: This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at 96℃ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at 50℃ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, Rg 1 , Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of Rh 1 , Rg 3 , Rk 1 were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside Rg 3 was 8.20 ㎎/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 ㎎/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

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“…Because the content of NAG and profile of ginsenosides differs from P ginseng, its potential effect on BP cannot be inferred from the latter and requires independent scrutiny. Also, batches of NAG may vary in their content of ginsenosides 11,12 and may consequently yield inconsistent hemodynamic effects. Thus, to comprehensively determine the effect of NAG on BP, multiple batches need to be tested.…”

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North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

et al. 2005

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Abstract-An early observational study suggested that ginseng could elevate blood pressure. This caused concern because 4.5% of American adults use ginseng, with a popular choice being North American ginseng. To date, North American ginseng lacks hemodynamic evaluation; therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial to investigate its effect on blood pressure in 16 hypertensive individuals (meanϮSD age 61.1Ϯ8.1 years; systolic/diastolic blood pressure 132.4Ϯ12.8/83.3Ϯ8.1 mm Hg; 13 on antihypertensives). We used 6 batches of North American ginseng root that varied in quality and ginsenoside content, representing the spectrum of this ginseng on the market. On 8 mornings, each participant was fitted with an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, which measured blood pressure during a 30-minute baseline period. Each participant then consumed in a randomized and double-blind fashion 3 g of encapsulated treatment: placebo (on 2 mornings) or powdered North American ginseng (on 6 mornings). After treatment, blood pressure was measured every 10 minutes for 160 minutes, and its change at each post-treatment time point relative to baseline was determined per individual and averaged, and the mean was obtained for the overall 160-minute period. None of the North American ginsengs or their mean differed from placebo in their effect on overall (160 minutes) mean blood pressure change. None affected blood pressure versus placebo at the 10-minute intervals; but their mean versus placebo increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 140 and 160 minutes, respectively, and lowered diastolic blood pressure at 100 minutes. 2,3 This is based on an observational study by Siegel published Ͼ25 years ago, which found that hypertension developed in 14 adults reporting the use of ginseng root. 4 In response, medical commentaries recommend that hypertensive individuals avoid ginseng. 3 More recently, animal studies 5,6 and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) 7,8 show that Panax ginseng, the most consumed species of ginseng in the United States, exerts a neutral or lowering effect on BP. Although these outcomes contrast Siegel's finding, it should be noted that they pertain to a single ginseng species. Another commonly consumed species of ginseng in the United States is P quinquefolius, or North American ginseng (NAG), which ranks second to P ginseng for use. Together, these species comprise most of the ginseng that Ϸ9 million American adults consume annually. 9 However, to date, the effect of NAG on BP is unknown and could be important to address because this herb is used widely and acts biologically different from other ginseng species. 10 The importance of determining the effect of NAG on BP also holds from a phytochemical perspective. All ginsengs contain a group of triterpene glycosides called ginsenosides, which show antihypertensive efficacy in animals. Because the content of NAG and profile of ginsenosides differs from P ginseng, its potential effect on BP cannot be inferred from the latter and requir...

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Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia

Cited by 69 publications

References 31 publications

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage

Changes of Ginsenosides and Color from Black Ginsengs Prepared by Steaming-Drying Cycles

North American Ginseng Exerts a Neutral Effect on Blood Pressure in Individuals With Hypertension

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