Determination of gentisin, isogentisin, and amarogentin in Gentiana lutea L. by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

A novel, fast, and simple capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for the analysis of gentisin, isogentisin, and amarogentin in roots of Gentiana lutea (yellow gentian), an herb traditionally used as gastric stimulant. Gentisin and isogentisin are xanthones showing potent inhibition of monoamine oxidase type A and B, amarogentin represents one of the bitter principles of Gentiana, responsible for its gastric-roborant effects. Optimal CE-separation conditions comprise a 100 mM sodium tetraborate buffer of pH 9.3, containing 10 mM beta-cyclodextrin as additive; optimum temperature and applied voltage were found to be 30 degrees C and 25 kV, respectively. Direct diode array detection at 260 nm (gentisin, isogentisin) and 242 nm (amarogentin) was performed, and the required analysis time was only 11 min. The developed method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, and utilized to assay several commercially available G. lutea samples. Quantitative data obtained with the developed CE method are compared with HPLC results, and the advantages of each approach are discussed.

Characterization of phenolic and other polar compounds in a lemon verbena extract by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry

“…In the last decade, CE has gained widespread interest as a valuable tool for the determination of bioactive compounds in plant matrices 18–24. This increasing interest is due to its attractive advantages such as high speed of analysis, the small sample amounts required and extremely limited solvent waste 25.…”

CE and CEC analysis of phytochemicals in herbal medicines

“…Ultrasonic extraction was the most frequently used method due to its efficiency and easy manipulation. Indeed, it was employed in about two‐thirds (180 out of 271 articles) of cited references (Supporting Information Tables 1–7) 4–271. Other conventional extraction methods included reflux 6, 14, 15, 21, 45, 74, 84, 87, 97, 117, 121, 123, 131, 134, 157, 162, 164, 169, 171, 172, 176, 179, 182–184, 205, 212, 227, 235, 236, 259, Soxhlet extraction 23, 89, 91, 128, 131, 244, heating extraction 22, 39, 51...…”

“…CD, usually used as chiral selector, was widely used for enantiomeric separation of phytochemical compounds 19, 65, 88, 133, 141 and improving the separation of analytes 17, 51, 70, 80, 89, 102, 131, 146, 147, 153, 159, 163, 164, 176, 185. Application of various CD derivatives, such as α‐CD 89, β‐CD 17, 51, 65, 70, 80, 102, 131, 146, 147, 159, 163, 164, 176, 185, dimethyl‐β‐CD 19, carboxymethyl‐β‐CD 88, 2,6‐di‐ O ‐methyl‐β‐CD 89, methyl‐β‐CD 133, sulfobutylether‐β‐CD 133, and hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD 141, 153, were also reported. Ionic liquids (ILs), which are salts in the liquid state at room temperature, have been employed in CE analysis as BGE or additive 5, 24, 70, 90 because they are environmental benign, nonvolatile, nonflammable, thermal stable, and good solvents for many inorganic and organic materials.…”

Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae)

“…L'isogentisine protégerait les cellules endothéliales vasculaires humaines contre les lésions induites par la fumée de cigarette [11].…”