Determination of gaseous and particulate chloride and fluoride in the atmosphere

Ôkita, Toshiichi; Kaneda, Kiyotomi; Yanaka, Takaaki; Sugai, Ryuichi

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(74)90082-1

Cited by 58 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…That value is greater than that of particulate chlorine. Okita et al (1974) obtained same results that the concentration of gaseous chlorine was greater than that of particu- late chlorine in the coast of Japan. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Chlorine Deficiency in Coastal Aerosols

Okada

Ishizaka

Masuzawa

et al. 1978

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere and the water-soluble material of the aerosols collected at Owase in October 1975 were analyzed. The concentration of gaseous chlorine was found to be 3.1 µg/m3. It is found that the Cl/Na ratios inn the aerosols were always lower than that of seawater. Their mean value was 0.67. On the basis of this value, it was estimated that the amount of Cl deficiency in the aerosols was 2.1 µg/m3 which is 61% of the theoretical Cl content of sea-salt particles. The amount of Cl deficiency corresponded to the concentration of {2(So4)ex.+NO3-NH4} in the aerosols. Thus, it is suggested that the Cl deficiency is mainly due to the chemical reaction between the sea-salt particles and H2SO4 and HNO3 originated from the gaseous materials such as SO2 and No2, in the atmosphere. According to the relationship between the amount of Cl deficiency in the aerosols and the concentration of gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere, it was considered that a considerable amount of the gaseous chlorine in the coastal atmosphere at Owase was released from sea-salt particles.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Chlorine Deficiency in Coastal Aerosols

Okada

Ishizaka

Masuzawa

et al. 1978

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…While CH3I is the only species of Is ø that has been identified in the atmosphere (Table 3) (Table 3). Total gaseous F-(probably HF because collection was by bubbling through Na2CO•) has been measured by Okita et al [1974] in the vicinity of an aluminum refinery, where particulate and gaseous fluorine concentrations were much higher than in remote sites. Similar findings are likely to be obtained near phosphate fertilizer factories that use apatite as raw material [ Table 1, with species shown in Table 3 composing the total.…”

Section: Is I and Presumably Also For Is ømentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogens in the atmosphere

Cicerone¹

1981

Reviews of Geophysics

205

129

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Extant data from measurements of halogens in the atmosphere are reviewed in the following categories: gaseous chlorine compounds (inorganic and organic), particulate chloride and chloride in precipitation, gaseous bromine compounds (inorganic and organic), particulate bromide and bromide in precipitation, gaseous iodine compounds (inorganic and organic), iodine in particles and in precipitation, gaseous fluorine compounds (inorganic and organic), and fluoride in particles and precipitation. The roles that these data and other unavailable data play in defining global cycles of the halogens are discussed. Speciation of the halogen gases in the troposphere is very uncertain: the only inorganic species detected by species-specific methods are HC1 and SF6. More specific data are available on organic forms that contain halogens. Key species of gaseous halogens, either established or suspected to be important, are listed along with key processes that need investigation. Heterogeneous reactions, both gas-to-particle and particle-to-gas processes, precipitation removal, and sea-salt aerosol generation and fractionation processes need quantitative investigation to allow progress in estimating halogen sources and sinks. Where practical, as with stratospheric inorganic chlorine gases, quantitative comparisons are made between measured and predicted concentrations.

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“…in humans (Thiessen, 1988;Arnesen and Krogstad, 1998;Fornasiero, 2001). Gaseous and particulate fluorides are emitted into the atmosphere from several sources, such as coal-burning systems, aluminum refining plants, phosphate fertilizer plants, glass works, ceramic industries and steel mills (Okita et al, 1974). Among them, coal-burning power plants produce 82% of the total fluoride in the air in the United States .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%