accessible lithium reserves are in remote or in politically sensitive areas. [5] This fact should sound the alarm for the expanded application of LIBs, because the increasing demand for LIBs could cause the price of lithium to skyrocket. It is even predicted that the world will run out of lithium supplies in the foreseeable future. [6][7][8] It is well known that sodium resources are more abundant (abundance: 23.6 × 10 3 mg kg −1 vs 20 mg kg −1 ) and vast (for example, the United States alone possesses 23 billion tons of soda ash which is a sodium-containing precursor) than lithium analog. Additionally, the trona (about $135-165 per ton), which could be used to produce sodium carbonate, has much lower cost than lithium carbonate (about $5000 per ton in 2010). [9,10] These two features endow SIBs with fascinating advantages for large-scale EES applications in the near future. Without doubt, SIBs also face big challenges: performance improvement and technological innovation. Although sodium has similar physical and chemical properties to lithium, the larger ionic radius of sodium ions compared with that of lithium ions restricts the insertion and extraction of sodium ions from the host materials commonly explored for LIBs. To address this problem, optimizing the chemical composition, tailoring the lattice structures, and regulating the morphologies of the host materials seem to be the most applicable strategies, and there have already been several excellent reviews. [11][12][13][14][15][16] As for technological innovation, the traditional fabrication processes mainly based on the slurrycasting method not only make SIBs typically rigid, thick, bulky, and heavy, but also reduce the overall volumetric/gravimetric energy density of the electrode. In the traditional slurry-casting method, the binders are insulating and electrochemically inactive, which can not only decrease the electrical conductivity, but also has a detrimental effect on the cycling stability resulting from some side effects between the electrolyte and inactive materials. In addition, the heavy weight of the binders, conductive additives and current collectors also reduces the volumetric/ gravimetric energy density of the overall electrode. Therefore, to enhance the battery performance and simplify the preparation process, the traditional slurry-casting method should be improved or even replaced; in other words, avoiding the use of binder, conductive additive, and metal current collector.In contrast, flexible electrodes are usually made from various active materials built on flexible conductive substrates without binder, conductive additive, and even metal current collector, Sodium-Ion Batteries
Among various flexible energy storage devices, flexible batteries are considered as the most promising candidates to power the future flexible/wearable electronics due to their relatively high energy density and long cycle life. [13][14][15][16] Recently, numerous flexible batteries have already been demonstrated successfully, while most of them are fabricated in a planar architecture with large structure and limited flexibility, far away from the requirements of flexible/wearable electronic devices. [17][18][19][20] Compared with the traditional planar structure, the 1D shape possesses much prominent superiority, such as miniaturization, adaptability, and weavability, which make it more attractive for flexible/wearable electronics. [21][22][23][24][25] In this review, from the viewpoint of electrode preparations, battery designs, and battery electrochemical and mechanical properties, recent progress of flexible 1D batteries has been summarized, focusing on Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs), Zn-air batteries (ZABs), and Li-air batteries (LABs). In the first section, flexible 1D LIBs with the different configurations including coaxial, twisted, and stretchable structures are presented. In the next section, 1D ZIBs are introduced detailedly from the standpoint of the anode types. Following the sections, special requirements for air cathode, electrolyte and metal anode in metal-air batteries have been highlighted from the perspective of designing flexible 1D battery. In addition, some successful demonstrations of fabric batteries composed of 1D batteries have been described. In the end, we also discuss the existing challenges and future directions of 1D batteries to provide some valuable insights into its practical applications. Flexible 1D Lithium-Ion BatteriesRechargeable LIBs possesses high energy and power densities, as well as longevity, which are expected to contribute to the flexible/wearable electronic devices. [26][27][28] Up to now, a number of 1D LIBs with small, light, flexible designs have been promulgated which can be deformed into any shapes even woven into textiles. Per the relative position of the two electrodes, the configurations of 1D LIBs can be divided into coaxial and twisted structure. [21,29] In a typical coaxial structure, the flexible outer electrode is wound around the inner electrode with a separator between them, forming a core-shell architecture (Figure 1a). In a twisted structure, two fiber electrodes are intertwined together at a certain twisting angle to form a double-helix structure (Figure 1b). When the twisting angle is zero, the two fibers are in a parallel arrangement. Additionally, to enhance With the rapid development of wearable and portable electronics, flexible and stretchable energy storage devices to power them are rapidly emerging. Among numerous flexible energy storage technologies, flexible batteries are considered as the most favorable candidate due to their high energy density and long cycle life. In particular, flexible 1D batteries with the unique a...
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