Determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in urban soil in Beijing and Shanghai, China

“…Several studies have documented that antibiotics are not completely metabolized in the body and thus are excreted as the unchanged or transformed components into environment via urine and feces (Jjemba 2002;Kümmerer 2009;Sarmah et al 2006). Antibiotics have been detected in various environments, such as surface water (Jiang et al 2011;Tamtam et al 2008;Zou et al 2011), ground water and drinking water (Hu et al 2010;Watkinson et al 2009;Yiruhan et al 2010), sediment (Kim and Carlson 2007;Luo et al 2011;Zhou et al 2011), soil (Golet et al 2002;Hu et al 2010;Shi et al 2012;Tamtam et al 2011), and biological samples Love et al 2011;Zhao et al 2010).…”

Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in river water in Hong Kong

“…Some of the antibiotics, such as sulfonamides which are hydrolytically stable, hard to degrade in water and easy to be transported, are found in larger amounts in groundwater and surface water (Boxall et al, 2002;Stoob et al, 2007). Antibiotics, together with their degradation and metabolic products have been detected in many environmental compartments, including surface water (Tang et al, 2015), river water (Tamtam et al, 2008;Jiang et al, 2011;Li et al, 2015), seawater (Minh et al, 2009;Zou et al, 2011), municipal sewage (Li et al, 2009;Lindberg et al, 2010), sludge (Göbel et al, 2005;Lindberg et al, 2010), soil (Christian et al, 2003), sediment (Pei et al, 2006), groundwater (Standley et al, 2008;Fick et al, 2009;Teijon et al, 2010;López-Serna et al, 2013), and even drinking water (Yiruhan et al, 2010).…”

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in tap water – a review

“…Among proposed technologies are also: Fenton and ozone oxidation, photocatalytic processes, biodegradation and nanoparticles (the last, though applied in medical research, seems to enhance the conjugative transfer of ARGs among bacteria in terms of water treatment) [9]. Besides the monitoring of ARB and ARGs, the analyses of antibiotics and drugs concentrations in wastewaters, freshwater, and tap water should be implemented, as these agents are probably responsible for resistance promotion [62][63][64]. According to Schwartz et al, the exposure of susceptible and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to wastewater and tap water did not affect the expression of the intrinsic ARGs and MGEs [65], so the medium itself is not the main factor of the prevalence of resistance.…”