“…There is no significant precipitation hardening in the alloy studied (AZ31, ≃Mg-3Al-1Zn wt% wrought) and the net variation in hardness over the entire joint was within the range 45-65 HV, with the lower value corresponding to the base plate [164][165][166]. In the same system, a higher starting hardness of 70 HV leads to a substantially lower hardness in the nugget (50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60); the variations in hardness appear to be consistent with measured variations in grain size in accordance with the form of the Hall-Petch relationship [165,167]. The grains in both the nugget and TMAZ tend to be in a recrystallised form, and tend to be finer when the net heat input is smaller (for example at higher welding speeds).…”
Friction stir welding is a refreshing approach to the joining of metals. Although originally intended for aluminium alloys, reach of FSW has now extended to a variety of materials including steels and polymers. This review deals with the fundamental understanding of the process and its metallurgical consequences. The focus is on heat generation, heat transfer and plastic flow during welding, elements of tool design, understanding defect formation and the structure and properties of the welded materials.
“…There is no significant precipitation hardening in the alloy studied (AZ31, ≃Mg-3Al-1Zn wt% wrought) and the net variation in hardness over the entire joint was within the range 45-65 HV, with the lower value corresponding to the base plate [164][165][166]. In the same system, a higher starting hardness of 70 HV leads to a substantially lower hardness in the nugget (50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60); the variations in hardness appear to be consistent with measured variations in grain size in accordance with the form of the Hall-Petch relationship [165,167]. The grains in both the nugget and TMAZ tend to be in a recrystallised form, and tend to be finer when the net heat input is smaller (for example at higher welding speeds).…”
Friction stir welding is a refreshing approach to the joining of metals. Although originally intended for aluminium alloys, reach of FSW has now extended to a variety of materials including steels and polymers. This review deals with the fundamental understanding of the process and its metallurgical consequences. The focus is on heat generation, heat transfer and plastic flow during welding, elements of tool design, understanding defect formation and the structure and properties of the welded materials.
“…The rate of deformation was assumed as dependant on temperature and strain rate, taken into account in the following expression for σ e (Sellars and Tegart or Sheppard and Wright law) [10]:…”
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a novel process of metal joining. In the present work, the authors analysed the possibility of using this process to solve current problems in shipbuilding industry regarding small vessels by replacing the current arc welding techniques with the aforementioned process. Numerical simulation was carried out by the multiple purpose solver framework for Finite Element Method with a novel modelling approach. The problem was solved using a coupled mechanics system of equations in an axisymmetric continuum where material velocities were calculated in three dimensions, coupled with pressure and thermal fields. The heat source was calculated as a consequence of internal friction dissipation only. Two boundary conditions were analysed, adiabatic and with heat dissipation. Experimental welding tests were performed using a milling machine. Comparison between numerical modelling results and experimental FSSW testing results was done and analysed in detail.
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