Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols, acidic pharmaceuticals, and personal-care products in sewage by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Lee, Hing-Biu; Peart, Thomas E.; Svoboda, Michal

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.070

Cited by 369 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Compared with other environmental water samples, the concentrations of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pool water samples in the present study were approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher than those found in tap water (Carmona et al 2014), river water (Terasaki et al 2012), and marine water (Jonkers et al 2010), nd not detected even in the same order of magnitude as those in influents of wastewater treatment plants (Jonkers et al 2009;Lee et al 2005), indicting that the levels of target compounds in the swimming pool are relatively high. Thus, the potential risks due to long-term exposure to swimming pool water containing parabens and their chlorinated derivatives should be paid more attention.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Fibrates (as bezafibrate and gemfibrozil) have been detected in several environmental samples (Table 2). Bezafibrate was found in STP effluents [91,118] and in the Paraíba do Sul river (Brazil) [22] as was gemfibrozil [17,18,21] and further iden-tified in surface waters [17,21,88]. Due to its greater persistence, clofibric acid has been found in STP influents [19,71] and effluents [19,53,71], surface water [22,24,71], drinking water [71,119] and North Sea water [25].…”

Section: Blood Lipid Lowering Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wide dissemination at low concentrations mainly in the aquatic environment is evident today. Such concentrations have been detected in aquatic compartments such as influents [14][15][16] and effluents [17][18][19] from sewage treatment plants (STPs), surface waters (rivers, lakes, streams, estuaries, among others) [20][21][22][23][24], seawater [25], groundwater [26][27][28] and drinking water [29][30][31][32]. The scientific community is in broad agreement with the possibility that adverse effects may arise from the presence of pharmaceu-ticals not only for human health but also for aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Santos

Araújo

Fachini

et al. 2010

Journal of Hazardous Materials

1,285

533

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Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been recognized as a con-tinuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well as information on the current distribution levels in different environmental compartments continue to be sparse and are focused on those therapeutic classes that are more frequently prescribed and consumed. Nevertheless, they indicate the negative impact that these chemical contaminants may have on living organisms, ecosystems and ultimately, public health. This article reviews the different contamination sources as well as fate and both acute and chronic effects on nontarget organisms. An extensive review of existing data in the form of tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes is presented.Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, Sources, Environmental fate, Ecotoxicological effects

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“…A few number of studies have reported levels in WWTPs and surface water, obtaining generally lower concentrations in effluent water (Jonkers et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2005;Loraine and Pettigrove, 2006). These compounds have been also detected in sewage sludge, in sediments (Liao et al, 2013), and in biota (Ramaswamy et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of personal care products in river–groundwater interface

Serra-Roig

Jurado

Díaz-Cruz

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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This work presents the occurrence and fate of selected personal care products (PCPs) in the urban river-groundwater interface. To this end, urban river and groundwater samples were collected in Sant Adrià del Besòs (NE of Spain) and a total of 16 PCPs were analyzed including benzophenone derivatives, camphor derivatives, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, triazoles and parabens in three different campaigns (from May 2010 to July 2014). These compounds reach the aquifer through the recharge of Besòs River that receives large amounts of effluents from waste water treatment plants.Results shown that most of compounds were not or barely detected (maximum concentrations around 200 ng/L) in groundwater samples during the different sampling campaigns. Only two triazoles, namely benzotriazole (BZT) and methyl benzotriazol (MeBZT) were found at high concentrations in groundwater samples (maximum concentration around 2000 ng/L). The fate of PCPs in the aquifer was assessed using mixing analysis considering the seasonal variability of the Besòs River. Overall, measured groundwater concentrations were significantly much lower than those estimated by the mixing of the river water. This observation suggested that most of the PCPs are naturally removed when river water infiltrates the aquifer. However, some compounds were more persistent in the aquifer. These compounds were in descending order: the triazoles BZT and MeBZT followed by the camphor derivative 4MBC and the paraben MePB. The measured concentrations allowed us to assess the environmental risk posed by the selected UV-filters and parabens in the river and groundwater samples. Hazard Quotients (HQs) for different aquatic species were calculated in order to characterise the ecotoxicity potential of the studied compounds in the river-groundwater interface.HQ values were always below 1 indicating that at the concentrations observed in the surface or aquifer water of Besòs River these compounds pose no risk to the selected aquatic organisms.

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Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols, acidic pharmaceuticals, and personal-care products in sewage by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 369 publications

References 20 publications

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of personal care products in river–groundwater interface

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