Determination of dietary nitrite in patients with esophageal pre-cancerous lesion and normal people: a duplicate diet study

Corn Flour Intake, Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, and Risk of Esophageal Precancerous Lesions in a High-Risk Area of Huai’an, China: A Case-Control Study

“…However, the primary risk factor that increases the risk of ESCC/EPL in one population may not be significantly associated with this cancer in another. As reported in previous studies, alcohol use and tobacco smoking, which are the established risk factors for ESCC in other areas, play only a minor role in Huai'an District, whereas the factors such as low consumption of fruits and vegetables, frequent consumption of high-temperature food or beverages, high dietary exposure to nitrite, deficiency of certain nutrients, genetic polymorphism, as well as the exposure to mycotoxins including AFB 1 , have been found to play important roles in the process of carcinogenesis of ESCC in this region [5,19,20,28,[34][35][36][37][38][39]. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings, explore other potential factors and evaluate the possible interaction among the established factors on ESCC development in the studied population in Huai'an District so that the prevention strategies for ESCC/EPL can be improved.…”

“…In order to enhance the prevention of ESCC in Huai'an, the government and Cancer Foundation of China have supported the Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment Project of Esophageal Cancer (EDETPEC) in the endemic region since 2010 [5,28]. As described in our previous study [34], more than 2000 residents aged from 35 to 75 years old who had lived in the towns Jiqiao, Jingkou, and Qiuqiao for more than five years were recruited and underwent a routine endoscopy examination in the EDETPEC between January 2015 and June 2017. A total of 100 EPL cases and 100 healthy controls were selected from this population and matched by gender, age (±2 years) and villages where they lived.…”

“…Fasting blood samples were collected and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min to obtain separated serum and leukocyte, then they were stored in the −80 • C refrigerator immediately. From July to August 2017, duplicate diet samples of all foods and beverages (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and any other snacks) consumed daily were collected and recorded by well-trained investigators in three consecutive days [34]. The three consecutive days included two working days and a weekend day.…”

Moderately high folate level may offset the effects of aberrant DNA methylation of P16 and P53 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions

“…Previous studies reported a distinct epidemiological pattern of EPL in Huai’an District and the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products, which has been the key risk factors in many regions. However, these factors only played a minor role in the EPL risk, with other factors such as genetic polymorphism, environmental exposures, and dietary factors reported to take the main responsibility for esophageal carcinogenesis in this endemic region [ 7 – 10 , 36 ].…”

“…The best results of reducing the proportion of cancer patients who are diagnosed at late stages are associated with an early diagnosis, which is commonly known as the "early stages" [3]. Therefore, esophageal squamous dysplasia, which is the recognized esophageal precancerous lesion (EPL) for ESCC, has been of greater interest over the last decade [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. A previous study indicated that 24% of mild dysplasia, 50% of moderate dysplasia, and 74% of severe dysplasia could develop ESCC during a 3.5-year period [6].…”