Determination of cutting agents in seized cocaine samples using GC–MS, GC–TMS and LC–MS/MS

Fiorentin, Taís Regina; Fogarty, Melissa F; Limberger, Renata Pereira; Logan, Barry K.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.016

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…16 Colombo Plan scientists have traveled to Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and South Africa to collect street drug samples and urine samples from street drug users, and the samples are tested using Raman and Fourier transform spectroscopy, immunoassays, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. 17 In these samples, they identified adulterants such as aminopyrine, diltiazem, dipyrone, levamisole, and phenacetin. These findings are similar to the findings of a 2016 DEA Special Testing and Research Lab report, which demonstrated that most South American heroin imported into the United States contained adulterants, including aminopyrine, diltiazem, and phenacetin, as well as acetaminophen, caffeine, diphenhydramine, quinine, and xylazine.…”

Section: Global Trends In the Role Of Adulterantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colombo Plan scientists reported that adulterants were likely related to additional local health problems identified in the regions tested. 17 For example, emergency departments and drug treatment centers in South America and Africa have reported severe health effects from suspected adulterants added to street drugs, including renal and liver problems, blood disorders, infectious diseases, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrest. 19…”

Section: Global Trends In the Role Of Adulterantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emerging Role of Toxic Adulterants in Street Drugs in the US Illicit Opioid Crisis

Singh

Browne²,

Montgomery

2019

Public Health Rep

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Section: Global Trends In the Role Of Adulterantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Trends In the Role Of Adulterantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Toxic Adulterants in Street Drugs in the US Illicit Opioid Crisis

Singh

Browne²,

Montgomery

2019

Public Health Rep

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“…Accurate drug detection is of utmost importance for fighting against drug abuse. These substances are intentionally added to mimic the effects, to dilute the active drug and increase the profits (Fiorentin et al, 2019 ). The adulterants and cutting agents detection is usually quantified using spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods, which involve high cost instrumentation and impossibilities for on-site detection (Freitas et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Examples Of (Bio)sensors For Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Problem of Sensing Commonly Abused Drugs Through Nanomaterials and (Bio)Recognition Approaches

et al. 2020

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We summarize herein the literature in the last decade, involving the use of nanomaterials and various (bio)recognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, for the development of sensitive and selective (bio)sensors for illicit drugs with a focus on electrochemical transduction systems. The use and abuse of illicit drugs remains an increasing challenge for worldwide authorities and, therefore, it is important to have accurate methods to detect them in seized samples, biological fluids and wastewaters. They are recently classified as the latest group of “emerging pollutants,” as their consumption has increased tremendously in recent years. Nanomaterials, antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers have gained much attention over the last decade in the development of (bio)sensors for a myriad of applications. The applicability of these (nano)materials, functionalized or not, has significantly increased, and are therefore highly suitable for use in the detection of drugs. Lately, such functionalized nanoscale materials have assisted in the detection of illicit drugs fingerprints, providing large surface area, functional groups and unique properties that facilitate sensitive and selective sensing. The review discusses the types of commonly abused drugs and their toxicological implications, classification of functionalized nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), their fabrication, and their application on real samples in different fields of forensic science. Biosensors for drugs of abuse from the last decade's literature are then exemplified. It also offers insights into the prospects and challenges of bringing the functionalized nanobased technology to the end user in the laboratories or in-field.

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“…The use of either traditional illegal drugs such as cocaine and heroin or new psychoactive substances (NPS) such as methcathinone (MC) and 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) poses a serious threat to health and public security. To detect the use of illegal drugs during the preceding 1–4 days, urine samples are usually collected and analyzed using GC-MS or LC-MS/MS [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. These methods can provide sensitive and specific detection of drugs; however, they need to be performed by well-trained personnel in a laboratory and require delicate sample pretreatment processes and expensive reagents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Formation of Nanoclusters for Detection of Drugs in Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Chen

Hong

et al. 2021

Nanomaterials

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We developed a method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a sample pretreatment process for rapid, sensitive, reproducible, multiplexed, and low-cost detection of illegal drugs in urine. The abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has become an increasingly serious problem in many countries. However, immunoassay-based screening kits for NPS are usually not available because of the lack of corresponding antibodies. SERS has a great potential for rapid detection of NPS because it can simultaneously detect multiple kinds of drugs without the use of antibodies. To achieve highly sensitive SERS detection of drugs, sodium bromide was first employed to induce the rapid formation of Ag nanoclusters by aggregating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the extracted sample solution. SERS measurements were performed immediately after the sample pretreatment without incubation. The three-dimensional SERS hot spots were believed to form significantly within the nanoclusters, providing strong SERS enhancement effects. The displacement of citrate molecules on the surfaces of the AgNPs by bromide ions helped increase the adsorption of drug molecules, increasing their areal density. We demonstrated the simultaneous detection of two kinds of NPS, methcathinone and 4-methylmethcathinone, in urine at a concentration as low as 0.01 ppm.

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Determination of cutting agents in seized cocaine samples using GC–MS, GC–TMS and LC–MS/MS

Cited by 52 publications

References 40 publications

The Emerging Role of Toxic Adulterants in Street Drugs in the US Illicit Opioid Crisis

The Emerging Role of Toxic Adulterants in Street Drugs in the US Illicit Opioid Crisis

Tackling the Problem of Sensing Commonly Abused Drugs Through Nanomaterials and (Bio)Recognition Approaches

Rapid Formation of Nanoclusters for Detection of Drugs in Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

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