Determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography?mass spectrometry

Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Kroener, Lars; Mußhoff, Frank; Madea, Burkhard

doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2268-4

Cited by 103 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This ratio points to a classification of the cannabis plant as a drug-type. Ratios less than 1 seem to indicate fibre-type plants (Lachenmeier et al, 2004). Δ 9 -THC levels of 0.233 and 0.241 mg/L were reported in two milk samples collected on different days from cows that consumed pellets prepared from the whole hemp plant (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2011).…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five samples were below the limit of detection (LOD) (5 ng/mL) while among the quantified samples, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9 -THC values ranged between 32 ng/mL and 173 ng/mL (average concentration = 51 ng/mL, n = 10). Lachenmeier et al (2004), determined different cannabinoids in hemp food products, such as Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBN. The food products were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by on-fibre derivatisation, and by LLE.…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods that are occasionally applied are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (Lachenmeier et al, 2004;Lachenmeier and Walch, 2005). Often the analytical procedures using GC comprise, in addition to Δ 9 -THC, also the corresponding precursors Δ 9 -THCA-A and Δ 9 -THCA-B which have no psychotropic effects, but decarboxylate into the psychotropic Δ 9 -THC at those temperatures that are needed for volatilization and gas chromatographic separation of the analytes.…”

Section: Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Marijuana, hashish, cannabis oil and sinsemilla all contain concentrations of Δ 9 -THC exceeding that in the average plant material. The ratio between Δ 9 -THC and other cannabinoids, such as cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) can be used for the classification of hemp plants into drug material and non-drug material (de Meijer et al, 1992;Lachenmeier et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

2015

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin. THC, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. In fresh plant material, up to 90 % of total Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THC acid. Since few data on ∆ 9 -THC levels in foods of animal origin were available, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) estimated acute human dietary exposure to ∆ 9 -THC combining different scenarios for the presence of ∆ 9 -THC in hemp seed-derived feed materials. Acute exposure to ∆ 9 -THC from the consumption of milk and dairy products ranged between 0.001 and 0.03 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day in adults, and 0.006 and 0.13 µg/kg b.w. per day in toddlers. From human data, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 2.5 mg Δ 9 -THC/day, corresponding to 0.036 mg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. per day, represents the lowest observed adverse effect level. By applying an overall uncertainty factor of 30, an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 1 μg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. was derived. The exposure estimates are at most 3 % and 13 % the ARfD, in adults and toddlers, respectively. The CONTAM Panel concluded that exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of milk and dairy products, resulting from the use of hemp seed-derived feed materials at the reported concentrations, is unlikely to pose a health concern. A risk assessment resulting from the use of whole hemp plant-derived feed materials is currently not feasible due to a lack of occurrence data. The CONTAM Panel could also not conclude on the possible risks to public health from exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of animal tissues and eggs, due to a lack of data on the potential transfer and fate of ∆ 9 -THC. Tetrahydrocannabinol, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is the most relevant constituent derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Four stereoisomers of Δ 9 -THC are possible, with (-)-trans-Δ 9 -THC being the only naturally occurring isomer. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, which is found in the growing and harvested plant, is the biosynthetic precursor of Δ 9 -THC. Besides 2-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, which in this opinion is referred to as Δ 9 -THCA-A, another positional isomer, 4-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, denoted as Δ 9-THCA-B, may also occur in the hemp plant. In fresh plant material of C. sativa, up to 90 % of the 'total' Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THCA-A. The rate and extent of transformation of the precursor acids into Δ 9 -THC in the plant material is dependent on physical effects, in particular temperature. In addition to Δ 9 -THC, C. sativa preparations may contain at least 60 other cannabinoids, several of which are biologically active. This risk assessment does not evaluate the exposure and associated risks of cannabis used as a medicinal drug or for recreational purposes, but as requested in the ter...

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Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

2015

EFS2

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“…In addition, these fibers are resistant to bacteria, mold, and ultraviolet rays, and they can be used in healthcare applications (Mohanty et al 2002;Keller 2003;Khan et al 2014). With the low content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC < 0.3%) that has been achieved by breeding of hemp varieties (Lachenmeier et al 2004), hemp has gradually come to the forefront of textile applications. The hemp fiber can be blended and spun with cotton, silk, wool, and other chemical fibers, and it can also be spun into mono-fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Method of Bio-Chemical Combined Treatment for Obtaining High-Quality Hemp Fiber

Fang

Chen

et al. 2017

BioResources

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This bio-chemical study focuses on obtaining high-quality hemp fiber. The effects of the structures and properties of hemp fibers in different treatment periods were studied. Moreover, the changes of the surface morphology, chemical composition, and breaking tenacity of hemp fibers were researched by scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), fluorescence microscopy, and fiber tensile testing. The results showed that by virtue of the enzyme scouring process, alkali refining process, and bleaching process, the pectin, lignin, and hemicellulose and other impurities were removed. Through the single factor experiment, the optimal process conditions for the bio-chemical combination of the degumming process were obtained. These conditions included 10 g of dried hemp fibers, 15% (v/v) pectinase solution, a temperature of 50 °C, a duration of 120 min, pH 8.0 (phosphate buffer), a liquor ratio (w/v) of 1:10, and 0.0625 mol/L NaOH. In these conditions, the residual gum content and breaking tenacity were 4.8% and 49.8 cN/tex, respectively, indicating that the treated hemp fibers met the requirements of the spinning process.Keywords: Hemp; Degumming; Residual gum Contact information: School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430073, China; *Corresponding author: honggao_chen@hotmail.com INTRODUCTIONHemp fibers have relatively low fineness and no scratchiness, which promotes their high hygroscopicity, gas permeability, and other excellent properties. In addition, these fibers are resistant to bacteria, mold, and ultraviolet rays, and they can be used in healthcare applications (Mohanty et al. 2002;Keller 2003;Khan et al. 2014). With the low content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC < 0.3%) that has been achieved by breeding of hemp varieties (Lachenmeier et al. 2004), hemp has gradually come to the forefront of textile applications. The hemp fiber can be blended and spun with cotton, silk, wool, and other chemical fibers, and it can also be spun into mono-fibers. However, the phloem of hemp contains hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, wax, and other chemical impurities that must be removed from the fiber surface in a key process called degumming (George et al. 2015). Degumming has significant effects on spinning quality, fabric style, and comfort. There is a direct relationship between the degumming quality and fiber properties (Sreenath et al. 1996;Nair et al. 2015).Compared with ramie fiber, hemp fiber has higher hemicellulose and lignin contents, which directly affects its spinning performance. Commonly used degumming methods include chemical degumming (Di Candilo et al. 2000;Wang et al. 2003;Thomsen et al. 2006), physical degumming (Vignon et al. 1995Dupeyre and Vignon 1998;Guo and Zhao 2010), and biological degumming (Nykter et al. 2008). PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLEbioresources.com Fang et al. (2017). "Hemp fiber degumming," BioResources 12(1), 1566-1578. 1567Because the water resistance of hemp is very strong, the fiber is difficult to ferme...

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Determination of cannabinoids in hemp nut products in Taiwan by HPLC‐MS/MS coupled with chemometric analysis: quality evaluation and a pilot human study

Chang

Tung

Tsai

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Hemp nuts are mature cannabis seeds obtained after shelling and that are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating functional constipation. In this work, we screened hemp nut products, classified them, and verified the legality of consuming them. A total of 18 products were purchased from Taiwan, China, and Canada. Validated high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for analyzing the cannabinoid (i.e., Δ -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol) content of the products and the concentration of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Chemometric techniques, namely hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied for rapidly classifying 11 concentrated powder products in Taiwan. A pilot human study comprising single and multiple administrations of a product with 1.5 µg/g of THC was conducted to examine the urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentration. Through optimization of 3 full factorial design, using 60% isopropanol as the extraction solvent exhibited the highest yield of cannabinoids and was applied as the optimal condition in further analysis. The results of HCA and PCA on quality evaluation were in good agreement; however, the tested products possessed distinct CBD-to-THC ratios which ranged widely from 0.1:1 to 46.8:1. Particularly, the products with CBD-to-THC ratios higher than 1:1 were the majority in Taiwan. Our data suggested that all the tested hemp nut products met the Taiwan restriction criterion of 10 µg/g of THC. We propose a usual consumption amount of hemp nut products in Taiwan would unlikely to violate the cut-off point of 15 ng/mL of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography?mass spectrometry

Cited by 103 publications

References 31 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

An Efficient Method of Bio-Chemical Combined Treatment for Obtaining High-Quality Hemp Fiber

Determination of cannabinoids in hemp nut products in Taiwan by HPLC‐MS/MS coupled with chemometric analysis: quality evaluation and a pilot human study

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