Determination of cadmium residues in bee products using a ‘lab-made’ bismuth bulk electrode

Abstract

Raw propolis and bee pollen has been widely used in different areas such as medicine, food and apitherapy because they have biological and medicinal properties. The beneficial effects of both bee products for human health include antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, hives exposure to heavy metals, due beekeeping practices and environment, is one of the problems facing beekeepers. The presence of cadmium in bee products should be controlled, because of its high toxicity. A lab-made Bismuth Bulk Electrode (BiBE) was developed for cadmium residue determination in Argentinean bee products such as raw propolis and bee pollen employing square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) as electrochemical technique. The SWASV parameters were optimised based on a 2 5 factorial design. The method presents a linear range from 2.00 to 100.0 µg L −1 of Cd (II) with a limit of detection (LOD) and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.78 µg L −1 and 2.61 µg L −1 , respectively. The repeatability was 8.03%, calculated as the relative standard deviation. Recovery experiments were performed using spiked raw propolis and bee pollen samples with standard deviation values from 1.16% to 7.20%. The BiBE is easy and fast to elaborate and the propose method is environmentally friendly and low cost. Then, it can be considered as a good alternative to the quality control of bee products due to its importance in the beekeeping industry.

Voltammetric and impedimetric determinations of selenium(iv) by an innovative gold-free poly(1-aminoanthraquinone)/multiwall carbon nanotube-modified carbon paste electrode

“…Conversely, electroanalytical techniques feature several advantages such as facile operation, inexpensiveness, rapid process, low requirement for reagents, high sensitivity, and readily moveable instruments over other analytical techniques, and these advantages form the basis for constructing portable in situ devices. 15,16 Stripping voltammetry is a highly sensitive electrochemical technique for analyzing trace metals. It is based mainly on the accumulation of the metal ions on the surface of a working electrode, followed by doffing from the surface by an oxidation-assessed technique, e.g., square wave voltammetry or differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV).…”

Voltammetric Quantification of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Multivariate Optimized Plated Bismuth Film Electrode

“…With use of adequate experimental design, a regression equation can be obtained where the importance of each independent variable in the global process can be obtained; furthermore, the possibility of considering interaction effects between the variables can be detected, being an advantage over the classical method . In the literature there are some reports describing multivariate optimization of the voltammetric response. − However, none of these before-mentioned articles describe NP determination.…”

“…Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is a rapid and sensitive electroanalytical technique . In general, SWV optimization has been performed by a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. ,,, However, we believe that all the analytical processes must be optimized by taking into account all the factors at once. We have already performed SWV parameters optimization for other compounds, ,, and we will continue optimizing analytical techniques by using design experiments methods.…”