Determination of atmospheric pollutants in wet deposition

Abstract

Water is transferred from the atmosphere to the land surface mainly via various forms of atmospheric precipitation, but the contribution of surface condensation and direct deposition (e.g., dew, hoar frost, occult precipitation, etc.) should not be neglected. Wet deposition (including surface condensation and direct deposition) scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere and contributes significantly to their transport. The composition of the runoff formed on contact with various surfaces might be further modified by the components of dry deposition collected on these surfaces or by substances leaching from the surfaces themselves. Samples of wet precipitation or direct deposition might be good indicators of the state of the atmospheric environment and can be used to trace the migration of chemicals emitted from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. This paper discusses the unique challenges present at every stage of the analytical procedures used for the determination of the pollutants in atmospheric precipitation and deposition. A brief review of the results of pollutant and toxicity determination in samples of various forms of atmospheric precipitation and (or) deposition is also included, together with a discussion of the application of chemometric techniques for data interpretation. The aim of this paper is to help interested readers discover the field of pollutant determination in wet deposition and to broaden the scope of their existing research.Résumé : Le transfert de l'eau de l'atmosphère à la surface terrestre s'effectue surtout via diverses formes de précipitations atmosphériques, mais on ne doit pas négliger la contribution de la condensation ou déposition en surface (rosée, frima, pré-cipitations occultes, etc.). La déposition humide (incluant la condensation de surface et la déposition directe) ramasse les polluants de l'atmosphère et contribue significativement à leur transport. La composition de l'écoulement formé au contact avec diverses surfaces peut être encore modifiée par des composantes de dépôts secs accumulées sur ces surfaces ou par des substances lessivées à partir des surfaces elles-mêmes. Les échantillons de dépôts directs ou précipitations humides peuvent constituer de bons indicateurs de l'état de l'environnement atmosphérique et peuvent être utilisés suivre la migration des substances chimiques émises à partir de diverses sources, incluant celles d'origine anthropique. On discute les défis uniques rencontrés aux différentes étapes des procédés analytiques utilisés pour déterminer les polluants des dépôts et des précipita-tions atmosphériques. On inclut également une brève revue des résultats de la détermination des polluants et de leur toxicité dans des échantillons de diverses formes de précipitation ou déposition, ainsi qu'une discussion de l'application des techniques chémométrique pour l'interprétation des données. Le but de cette revue vise à aider les lecteurs intéressés à prendre connaissance du champ de la détermination des polluants dans les dépositions humides et d'...

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