Determination of Androstenone in Pig Fat Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Mgrd, Mats .; Berg, Hans E.; Tagesson, Vesna; Jaeremo, Mattias L. G.; Karlsson, Lars; Mathiasson, Lennart; Bonneau, Michel; Hansen-Møller, Jens

doi:10.1021/jf00049a022

Cited by 33 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…2001a). Androstenone concentration in adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography using supercritical fluid extraction (Mågård et al. 1995).…”

Section: Hormone Analysis In Plasma and Androstenone Analysis In Plasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Zamaratskaia¹,

Babol²,

Madej

et al. 2004

Reprod Domestic Animals

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This study describes the age-related variation in boar taint compounds, skatole and androstenone, and testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta (E17 beta), oestrone sulphate (ES), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), triiodothyronine (T(3)) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in six boars. Three pairs of littermates of crossbred entire male pigs (from three Yorkshire x Duroc dams and one Hampshire sire) were included. Blood samples were taken at the age of 9-15 weeks and thereafter at weekly intervals from the age of 20-32 weeks. Plasma concentrations of skatole, androstenone, testosterone, E17 beta, ES, DHEAS, T(3) and IGF-1 were measured. We found that skatole levels in boars increased at the age around puberty after an increase in the levels of testicular steroids. Levels of skatole were not associated with the levels of sex steroids, T(3) and IGF-1. However, the increased level of testicular steroids is probably the underlying factor needed for high skatole levels to occur although the specific mechanism leading to increased skatole levels remains unknown.

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“…2001a). Androstenone concentration in adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography using supercritical fluid extraction (Mågård et al. 1995).…”

Section: Hormone Analysis In Plasma and Androstenone Analysis In Plasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Zamaratskaia¹,

Babol²,

Madej

et al. 2004

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…Androstenone concentrations in the adipose tissue from entire male pig of group B were determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using supercritical fluid extraction (Mågård et al 1995). Intra‐ and inter‐assay variations did not exceed 10%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Oestrone in Adipose Tissue and its Relation to Androstenone and Skatole in Entire Male Pigs

Zamaratskaia

Madej

Babol

et al. 2005

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Relationship between free oestrone and boar taint compounds in adipose tissue were studied in two groups of entire male pigs of different breeds. Group A consisted of 33 entire crossbred male pigs (dam Yorkshire and sire backcross Yorkshire x Wild Boar, generation seven). Group B consisted of 194 entire male pigs of crossbreeds between Swedish Hampshire (H) and Finnish Landrace (L), LH x H, H x LH, LH x LH (dam x sire). The measurements of free oestrone in adipose tissue were performed with a new method developed and validated in our laboratories. The standard curve was linear for concentrations of free oestrone ranging from 0.13 to 5.10 ng/g. The method exhibited parallelism of results between serial dilutions and a mean recovery of 97 +/- 13.7%. Intra-assay variations for samples with concentrations of free oestrone from 0.67 to 2.08 ng/g were from 9.23 to 11.94%. Inter-assay variations for the samples with concentrations of free oestrone from 0.89 to 2.96 ng/g were from 3.78 to 10.11%. The levels of free oestrone in fat from group A were well correlated with fat levels of androstenone (r = 0.66; p < 0.001) and levels of oestrone sulphate in peripheral plasma collected at the same time as the fat (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). The levels of free oestrone in fat from group B were significantly correlated to fat levels of androstenone (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and skatole (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). In group B, age-related differences in fat levels of free oestrone, androstenone and skatole were studied. Free oestrone and skatole levels increased simultaneously at the age of 22 week (p < 0.05 for both), and androstenone levels increased at the age of 26 week (p < 0.05). It was suggested that the levels of free oestrone in adipose tissue might be used for the evaluation of hormonal status of male pigs as an alternative to plasma levels of testicular hormones. The levels of free oestrone might be involved in the regulation of skatole levels in fat as indicated by both the simultaneous increases in skatole and free oestrone levels in fat and positive correlation between skatole and free oestrone.

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“…Several analytical procedures to determine skatole and 5 α ‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one in pig back fat have been published, but require either extensive sample preparation or obtain only low accuracy because of matrix effects and analyte loss during sample preparation . Therefore, we developed a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) that eliminates the aforementioned adverse effects and thus ensures reliable results .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled d₃‐androstenone and d₃‐skatole for boar taint analysis

Fischer

Elsinghorst

Wüst

2011

Labelled Comp Radiopharmac

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The steroidal pig pheromone androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one) as well as the indole derivate skatole are known to be the major compounds contributing to boar taint. The preparation of 2 H-labeled internal standards of androstenone and skatole for stable isotope dilution assay-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pig back fat samples is presented. The synthesis of d 3 -androstenone is highlighted by a palladium catalyzed deuteration of a Δ5,6-double bond of a hydrophobic steroid in a polar, D 2 O-containing solvent mixture. Moreover, the utilization of D 2 O as a deuterium source with in situ formation of D 2 by means of Mg 0 was found to be a very feasible and convenient alternative with respect to costs and technical effort.

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Determination of Androstenone in Pig Fat Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Free Oestrone in Adipose Tissue and its Relation to Androstenone and Skatole in Entire Male Pigs

Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled d₃‐androstenone and d₃‐skatole for boar taint analysis

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Determination of Androstenone in Pig Fat Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Age‐related Variation of Plasma Concentrations of Skatole, Androstenone, Testosterone, Oestradiol‐17β, Oestrone Sulphate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate, Triiodothyronine and IGF‐1 in Six Entire Male Pigs

Free Oestrone in Adipose Tissue and its Relation to Androstenone and Skatole in Entire Male Pigs

Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled d3‐androstenone and d3‐skatole for boar taint analysis

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Resources

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Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled d₃‐androstenone and d₃‐skatole for boar taint analysis