Determination of 3,3′,4,4′-Polychlorinated Biphenyls by an Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Methylene Blue Probe

Abstract

In this paper, a thiol-β-cyclodextrin-graphene/gold nanoparticles/glassy carbon electrode (β-CD-SH-GR/AuNPs/GCE) electrochemical sensor was prepared by electrochemical deposition and electrode reduction. A new method for the indirect determination of 3,3 ,4,4 -polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB77) with methylene blue (MB) as an electrochemical probe based on its competitive inclusion of thiol-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-SH) was established. The electrochemical behavior of MB was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which proved that MB shows good performance for detecting PCB77. Experimental results show a good linear relationship between the concentration of PCB77 and changes in the peak current of MB when the concentration of PCB77 is 0.05-10.0 μmol/L. The detection limit was 0.028 μmol/L (S/N = 3), and the correlation coefficient was 0.9939. The proposed method is suitable for coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl detection with relatively good selectivity and stability, as well as high sensitivity, and was successfully applied to real samples with good recoveries of 94.0%-106.0%.

Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Recognition Systems: Applications in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors

“…As indicated in the schematic in Figure 3b, higher currents are obtained on increasing the accumulation period, and these accumulation times are typically no longer than a few seconds. Alternatively, competitive host-guest recognition, which is based on the competition between the target analyte and an indicator molecule for the same host, can be employed [32]. In this case, the indicator molecule is initially bound to the CD and when the target molecule diffuses to the electrode surface, the indicator molecule is displaced by the target, giving rise to a measurable change in the signal, as shown in Figure 3a.…”

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in water and recent advances on their detection using electrochemical biosensors

“…Methylene blue (MB) 142,143,145,153,154,181,185 is the most familiar redox probe applied to electrochemical biosensing, along with others like toluidine blue (TB), 130 ferrocene (Fc), 146,150 thionine (Thi), 152 and biotin, 148 are also reported. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is a cationic surfactant, can either adsorb nanoparticles by virtue of electrostatic effects, 173 or preserve the activity of biological enzymes in the event of substrate reactions.…”

“…The detection in the ultralow range (i.e., 0.00228-22.8 ng mL −1 ) could be interpreted as the small capacitive background current generated on the diazonium-modified BDD electrode, evidencing high applicability for trace level monitoring. 190 Cyclodextrin-based (i.e., β-CD) electrochemical sensors were also used to screen BPs, [181][182][183] PCBs, 185 phthalate esters, 186,187 and alkylphenols 188 in water sources through the adsorption of hydrophobic chambers. Ye et al 184 applied a GCE modified with gold-silver-platinum ternary alloy nanocrystals (AuAgPt) to simultaneously recognize BPA and BPS using polymerized β-CD.…”

“…Cyclodextrin-based ( i.e. , β-CD) electrochemical sensors were also used to screen BPs, 181–183 PCBs, 185 phthalate esters, 186,187 and alkylphenols 188 in water sources through the adsorption of hydrophobic chambers. Ye et al 184 applied a GCE modified with gold–silver–platinum ternary alloy nanocrystals (AuAgPt) to simultaneously recognize BPA and BPS using polymerized β-CD.…”

“…Another purpose of increasing the surface area is to provide sufficient space for the functionalization of biorecognition elements and hence to enhance selectivity and specificity. Metal nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 159,161,164,165,169,185,188 silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), 132 PtNPs, 140 nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs), 160 bimetallic hybrids like gold/palladium nanorods (Au@Pd NRs), 136 and gold/platinum (AuPt), 133 or metal/metal oxide composites, including amino-functionalized magnetite and gold nanoparticles (H 2 N-Fe 3 O 4 /Au NPs), 144 CoFe 2 O 4 , 136 functional copper magnetic nanoparticles (CuFe 2 O 4 -Pr-SH), 141 and Ag-Cu 2 O, 148 not only promote electron transportation, but also have strong electrochemical activity and enzyme-like catalytic or electrocatalytic ability, which belong to another class of common functional supports. Additionally, biochar nanoparticles (BCNPs) can also exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties as well as a large surface area and have been well-developed in electrochemical biosensing.…”