Determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) andn-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in food and paper packaging materials from US marketplaces

Abstract

A gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry procedure was developed for the determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) and n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in domestic and imported paper packages and food sold in US marketplaces. The procedure involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, followed by analysis with the gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Calibration curves for DIPN and DBP were achieved with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microg ml(-1) and the corresponding r(2) values were 0.9976 and 0.9956, respectively. In most of the fortified samples the recoveries were higher than 80% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) <10%. Using this procedure, it was found that less than 20% of the tested domestic packages and more than 60% of the tested imported food packages contained both DIPN and DBP. The concentrations of DIPN and DBP ranged from 0.09 to 20 mg kg(-1) and 0.14 to 55 mg kg(-1), respectively, with most of the DINP and DBP levels lower than 20 mg kg(-1). DIPN was not detected (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) in 41 food samples and DBP was only detected in two domestic and four imported food samples with concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 0.81 mg kg(-1).

Modelling migration from paper into a food simulant

“…Several factors may be anticipated to determine the level and the rate of migration (Castle, 2004;Mariani, Chiacchierini, & Gesumundo, 1999;Triantafyllou, Akrida-Demertzi, & Demertzis, 2005;Zhang et al, 2008):…”

“…1c) or by set-off when folding cartons are stacked or reels are stored (Bradley et al, 2005;Johns, Jickells, Read, Gramshaw, & Castle, 1996). The set-off effect refers to the interaction process in the course of printing, storage or use of a food package where the non-printed surface of packages comes into contact with the printed surface and, consequently, printing ink components can migrate into the food contact layer of the packaging and from there to the packed food (Zhang, Noonan, & Begley, 2008). A fraction of the substances is most likely transferred also from the paper matrix to the surroundings (Fig.…”

Method for analysis of 68 organic contaminants in food contact paper using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

“…coatings, adhesives, printing inks and rubber, as an important source of chemical contamination of food. Recent articles have reported occurrence of phthalates (Bononi & Tateo, 2009;Zhang, Noonan, & Begley, 2008), bisphenols (P erez-Palacios, Fern andez-Recio, Moreta, & Tena, 2012), ink photoinitiators (Bugey, Janin, Edder, & Bieri, 2013;Koivikko et al, 2010), fluorescent whitening agents (Chen & Ding, 2006), polyfluorinated compounds (PFC) (Begley et al, 2005;Poothong, Boontanon, & Boontanon, 2012;Trier, Granby, & Christensen, 2011) and biocides (Domeño, Munizza, & Nerín, 2005; Votavov a, Hanu sov a, V apenka, Dobi a s, & Kvasni cka, 2014). Furthermore, EFSA (2012) believes that recycled paper and board represent an important source of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) including both saturated and aromatic fractions (MOSH and MOAH, respectively).…”

“…GCeMS has been frequently used for the analysis of phthalates (Bononi & Tateo, 2009;Zhang et al, 2008) and PAH or MOAH (Biedermann & Grob, 2015;Bordajandi, Dabrio, Ulberth, & Emons, 2008;Chalbot, Vei, Lykoudis, & Kavouras, 2006), HPLCeMS/MS for bisphenols (Gallart-Ayala, Moyano, & Galceran, 2010;P erez-Palacios et al, 2012) and PFC (Begley et al, 2005Poothong et al, 2012;Trier et al, 2011), whereas ink photoinitiators have been analyzed by both techniques (Bugey et al, 2013;Sagratini et al, 2008;Shen, Lian, Ding, Xu, & Shen, 2009). Derivatization procedures were also developed for bisphenols and PFCA to make them amenable for GCeMS (Dufkov a, Cabala, & Sev cík, 2012;Viñas, Campillo, Martínez-Castillo, & Hern andez-C ordoba, 2010).…”

Report of ESCO WG on non‐plastic Food Contact Materials

“…Different analytical methods have been applied for the analysis of migrants from paper and board such as pentachlorophenol, metals (eg. chromium, cadmium, lead), diisopropylnaphthalene, phthalates, chlorophenols, fluorescent whitening agents (Bononi and Tateo 2009;Domeño et al 2005;Skrzydlewska et al 2003;Zhang et al 2008;Diserens 2001;Aurela et al 1999). Extensive research on factors affecting migration using surrogate contaminants and the effect of different barrier layers have been performed (Castle 2004;Choi et al 2002;Johns et al 1996).…”