Determination of 17β-Estradiol and Its Metabolites in Sewage Effluent by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry

Lee, Hing-Biu; Peart, Thomas E.

doi:10.1093/jaoac/81.6.1209

Cited by 108 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…These reagents are linked in clusters in accordance with the effectiveness of derivatization: BSTFA/TMCS and pyridine (1:1, v/v) and MSTFA and pyridine were very effective, whereas the acylation of the analytes using PFPA, TFAA and HFBI was not: with these latter reagents, the corresponding acylated derivatives of EE2 were not obtained neither was the derivatization of DES completed. Our observations are in agreement with the results obtained by other scientific groups [39,40], who reported that although acylated derivatives were formed more quickly and were less sensitive to hydrolysis than the TMS derivatives of oestrogenic compounds, in many cases only the hydroxyl group on the unsaturated ring was derivatized, which resulted in just a minimal improvement in Table 2. Relative response factors (RRFs) (mean value) obtained from the silylation of oestrogenic compounds under the conditions described in Table I sensitivity.…”

Section: Influence Of the Different Derivatization Reagents On The Chsupporting

confidence: 93%

Chemometric analysis for optimizing derivatization in gas chromatography‐based procedures

Kumirska

Migowska

Caban

et al. 2011

Journal of Chemometrics

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a This paper focuses on the application of principal component analysis (PCA) to facilitate the optimization of the derivatization of oestrogenic steroids-estrone, 17b-estradiol, estriol, 17a-ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol-in order to achieve (1) the complete derivatization of all the hydroxyl groups contained in the structure of the compounds and (2) the greatest effectiveness of this reaction. Six different derivatization reagents were used in this study, whereas 2-methyl-anthracene was applied as the internal standard to evaluate the effectiveness of the reactions. The experimental data were subjected to PCA. With PCA, the dimensionality of the original multivariable data set could be reduced and the selection of optimum conditions for derivatization facilitated. The mixture of 99% N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + 1% trimethylchlorosilane and pyridine (1:1, v/v) at 60 C for 30 min has been established as the most convenient and efficient means of derivatizing the aforementioned oestrogenic steroids and diethylstilbestrol; the N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + pyridine (1:1, v/v) mixture seems to be a promising alternative. The application of PCA for optimizing the derivatization procedure, proposed for the first time in this study, is particularly useful in the development of multicomponent methods across several chemical classes of compounds.

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Section: Influence Of the Different Derivatization Reagents On The Chsupporting

confidence: 93%

Chemometric analysis for optimizing derivatization in gas chromatography‐based procedures

Kumirska

Migowska

Caban

et al. 2011

Journal of Chemometrics

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“…Our present study using medaka indicated that the LOEC and NOEC of E 2 were 8.66 and 2.86 ng/L, respectively, and these values well agree to those of the previous studies of EE 2 using other fish species. Natural estrogens and alkylphenols are possible candidates for estrogenic activity in the effluents from sewage treatment works [3,7,[9][10][11]. However, it is not clear to what extent these substances have risks to fish populations in real aquatic environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endocrine-disrupting effects, such as a high prevalence of intersex gonads (testis-ova) or induction of the female-specific protein vitellogenin (VTG), have been reported for male fish inhabiting aquatic environments receiving effluents from sewage treatment works [3][4][5][6][7][8]. In addition, several studies have reported that the estrogenic activity of effluents from sewage treatment works may be due to the presence of natural and synthetic estrogens in the effluents [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural estrogen hormone 17␤-estradiol (E 2 ) has been detected at ng/L levels in the aquatic environment or effluents from sewage treatment works in several countries; the maximum recorded concentration was 63 ng/L [9][10][11][12]. The E 2 induces VTG, abnormal sex differentiation, and reproductive impairment in fish in early life stages and adult phases at low concentrations [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fish full life‐cycle testing for 17β‐estradiol on medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Seki

Yokota

Maeda

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We studied the chronic effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the reproductive status of medaka (Oryzias latipes) over two generations under continuous exposure to assess its hazard on this species. The exposure of parental (F0) medaka to E2 was begun on embryos within 12 h postfertilization and continued for up to 101 d; the assessment endpoints included embryological development, hatching, posthatch survival, growth, sexual differentiation, reproduction, and hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) levels under flow-through exposure to E2 at each mean measured concentration of 0.939, 2.86, 8.66, 27.9, and 92.4 ng/L. Eggs (F1) spawned from the F0 fish at 98, 99, and 100 d posthatch were also examined for hatchability, survival after hatching, growth, sexual differentiation, and hepatic VTG level until 59 d posthatch. In the F0 medaka, no concentration-related effect of E2 was observed on hatching, posthatch mortality, and growth. However, we observed abnormal sex differentiation, induction of VTG, and reproductive impairment in a dose-dependent manner. The lowest-observed-effect concentration and no-observed-effect concentration of E2 for these effects were 8.66 and 2.86 ng/L, respectively. In the F1 medaka treated with E2 at < or = 8.66 ng/L, however, dose-dependent effects were not observed in any parameter. The results indicate that E2 can have significant effects on reproductive potential of medaka at concentrations as low as 8.66 ng/L, suggesting that the ecological risk of E2 is higher than that of weak estrogens, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol.

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“…A collaborative effort among European countries, known as Community Programme of Research on Environmental Hormones and Endocrine Disruptors (COMPREHEND), has demonstrated that estrogenic effluents occur across mainland Europe and that these include both municipal and industrial wastewaters (http:// www.ife.ac.uk/comprehend). The estrogenic activity of WWTF effluents and rivers receiving the effluents has been evaluated by fish Vtg assays [2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10], in vitro assays [11][12][13][14], and quantification of individual estrogenic compounds [12,[15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of estrogenic activity of municipal wastewater by aerated lagoon treatment facilities

Bringolf

Summerfelt

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The estrogenic activity of municipal wastewater in aerated lagoon treatment facilities was evaluated using plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (Vtg) in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Caged fathead minnows were exposed for 10 to 12 d in three lagoons that are connected in series at each of 10 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in central Iowa, USA, during October and November 2000. Fathead minnows held in the laboratory served as unexposed controls. Pooled (n = 4-10 fish) plasma Vtg, quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was 1,702 +/- 670 (mean +/- standard error [SE]) microg/ml in the first lagoons (n = 9), 0.94 +/- 0.36 microg/ml in the second lagoons (n = 10), and 0.04 +/- 0.02 microg/ml in the third lagoons (n = 8). Differences in mean fish plasma Vtg concentration among lagoons were highly significant (p < 0.001). The mean concentration of plasma Vtg in fish in the third lagoons was not significantly different (p = 0.990) from that of the control fish (0.04 +/- 0.02 microg/ml). Plasma Vtg concentrations of fish in the first lagoons were inversely correlated with wastewater retention time in the lagoons (p = 0.002, r = -0.877). Water temperatures of the final effluents during the study ranged from 9 to 12 degrees C. General treatment efficiency of lagoons has been shown to be dependent on temperature, so the potential exists for decreased removal of estrogenic activity when water temperatures are lower (e.g., winter months) than the present study. In conclusion, wastewater entering aerated lagoon systems was estrogenic to fish, but with serial passage through the lagoons, the estrogenic activity decreased to a level that was not sufficient to induce vitellogenesis in male fathead minnows in a 10- to 12-d exposure.

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Determination of 17β-Estradiol and Its Metabolites in Sewage Effluent by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

Chemometric analysis for optimizing derivatization in gas chromatography‐based procedures

Chemometric analysis for optimizing derivatization in gas chromatography‐based procedures

Fish full life‐cycle testing for 17β‐estradiol on medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Reduction of estrogenic activity of municipal wastewater by aerated lagoon treatment facilities

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