Determination and Identification of Antibiotic Drugs and Bacterial Strains in Biological Samples

Abstract

Antibiotics were initially natural substances. However, nowadays, they also include synthetic drugs, which show their activity against bacteria, killing or inhibiting their growth and division. Thanks to these properties, many antibiotics have quickly found practical application in the fight against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis and septicemia. Antibiotic resistance is currently a detrimental problem; therefore, in addition to the improvement of antibiotic therapy, attention should also be paid to active metabolites in the body, which may play an important role in exacerbating the existing problem. Taking into account the clinical, cognitive and diagnostic purposes of drug monitoring, it is important to select an appropriate analytical method that meets all the requirements. The detection and identification of the microorganism responsible for the infection is also an essential factor in the implementation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. In recent years, clinical microbiology laboratories have experienced revolutionary changes in the way microorganisms are identified. The MALDI-TOF MS technique may be interesting, especially in some areas where a quick analysis is required, as is the case with clinical microbiology. This method is not targeted, which means that no prior knowledge of the infectious agent is required, since identification is based on a database match.

Advances in Gold Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Aptasensors for the Detection of Antibiotics: An Overview of the Past Decade

“…are available for the specific detection of a variety of antibiotics. Liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) guarantees high resolution, target identification, selectivity, repeatability, sensitivity and application versatility [ 17 ]. The most common, currently-used approaches to confirm antibiotic residue presence are LC-MS, ELISA, and biosensor-based methods.…”

Identification of Bacteria Associated with Post-Operative Wounds of Patients with the Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Approach

“…The conducted pilot research indicates the possibility of using the UniProt database to the preliminary match of the proteins contained therein with the spectra generated by the MS, including predicting the mechanisms of the action of antibiotics and the mechanisms of the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Notably, the products of antibiotic metabolism can also be biologically active substances [ 69 ]. To confirm the obtained results, it is necessary to perform additional analysis by the utilisation of, e.g., shotgun techniques, such as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or combined sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS methods [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Recent Trends in the Development of Carbon-Based Electrodes Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Electroanalysis

“…Most approaches for the detection of antibiotics are based on different chromatographic techniques either as such [41][42][43][44] or coupled with extraction methods [45][46][47]. Microbiological assays and chromatographic methods applied for antibiotic identification and determination were reviewed in 2020 by Pauter et al [48]. Recently, synthesized metal-organic frameworks were applied for the sensitive luminescence detection of different antibiotics [49][50][51][52][53].…”