Determinants of Under-Five Pneumonia at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: An Unmatched Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background Pneumonia causes about two million under-five deaths each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Knowing the determinants of under-five pneumonia is useful for prevention and intervention programs that are aimed to control the disease. Thus, the main aim of this study was to assess the determinants of under-five pneumonia at Gondar University Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based unmatched case-control study was carried out from April 1 to April 30, 2015, taking a sample size of 435 study participants (145 cases and 290 controls). The researchers used a systematic random sampling technique for selecting cases and controls. Data were entered and cleaned using Epi Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable analysis was performed, and variables with a p value less than 0.2 were entered into multivariable logistic regression. Determinant factors were identified based on p value less than 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (AOR with 95% CI). Results An increased odds of pneumonia was associated with children who had diarrhea in the past fifteen days of data collection (AOR = 6.183; 95% CI: 3.482, 10.977), children's mothers who did not hear about how to handle domestic smoking (AOR = 5.814; 95% CI: 2.757, 12.261), and children of mothers who did not follow proper handwashing practice (AOR = 3.469; 95% CI: 1.753, 6.863). Conclusions Being infected with diarrhea, not knowing how to handle domestic smoking, and poor compliance with proper handwashing practice were identified as determinants of pneumonia. Dedicated, coordinated, and integrated intervention needs to be taken to enhance proper handwashing practice by mothers/caregivers, improve the indoor air quality, and prevent diarrheal diseases at the community level.

The magnitude and Associated Factors of Pneumonia Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In this meta-analysis and systematic review, of the total 12 included studies, four studies were conducted from Amhara region [2,[22][23][24], four studies from Oromia region [25][26][27][28], two studies from SNNP [20,21], two studies from Addis Ababa [29,30] (Table 1).…”

“…Pneumonia is defined as an acute infection of the lung parenchyma, which can be caused by many pathogens like viruses, bacteria and fungi [1,2]. Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among underfive children [3].…”

Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under five children in East Africa. Meta-analysis and systemic review

“…Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 34 included studies in the systematic review and metaanalysis (10,11,. 16 studies were found in Ethiopia (10,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), 8 in Kenya (11,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) 23 studies were cross-sectional, while the others used either case-control (n = 9) or cohort (n = 2) study design. Most of the studies 23/34(70.5%) were published between 2015 and 2019.…”

Determinants of community-acquired pneumonia among children aged from 2 to 59 months in Fitche General Hospital: a case control study

“…The questionnaires were developed objectives based on a different literature review. 16,17,18 It contains socio-demographic factors (age of the child, sex of child, residence, marital status of mother or caregiver, educational status of the mother or caregiver, religion, monthly income), and house factors (radio or TV in the house, number of house room and number of participants who live in the same house, the type of oor, and type of roof). It also contains childhood illnesses (history of vaccination, history of measles infection, history of HIV, and previous history of acute respiratory tract infections were reviewed from the child document).…”

“…14 On the other hand, deaths from pneumonia are higher in poor rural communities as a result of household air pollution, which depend on solid fuels (wood, dung or charcoal) for cooking or heating, overcrowded homes, and less likely to be immunized against measles and whooping cough, exposure to tobacco smoke, and malnutrition. 6,[15][16][17][18] The mortality of children is easily preventable and treatable through simple and cost-effective interventions. 19 Immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding, and proper hygiene are among preventive method [20][21][22] while the administrations of amoxicillin and/or antibiotic treatment are the curative methods which can save lives of children.…”