“… 17 Body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and categorized as normal/underweight [<25], overweight [25 to <30], or obesity [≥30]), self-reported smoking status, evidence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D level [25-OHD] <20 ng/mL [to convert to picomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496]), and an indicator of 25-OHD assessment were obtained within 5 years of the index date. We additionally considered indicators of hip, humerus, vertebral, wrist, or other fracture 17 prior to bisphosphonate initiation. An indicator of whether a woman experienced a hip fracture in the 5 years between bisphosphonate initiation and the index date was included in analyses.…”