Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: Panel Data Approach

Abstract

We empirically investigates the factors that affect Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in five BRICS countries for the period 1990–2015. We address the selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity by estimating a panel Heckman selection method and attempts to account for both selection and endogeneity within the new two-stage method. After addressing the above mentioned econometric issues, the infrastructure and GDP per capita variables under the new two-stage method remain positive and significantly similar to the coefficient of infrastructure and GDP per capita under the panel Heckman selection model. In addition, the inverse Mills ratio maintain its level of statistical significance, confirming the presence of both sample selection bias and endogeneity.

The Indian real estate regulations and urban homebuyers: impact assessment

“…The analysis of homebuyers' litigation-related case decisions also suggests increasing complaints against builders/promoters and real estate agents for violations of agreements, construction defects, and service de ciencies. Authors with year Important features studied Gastanaga et al (1998), Berry, et al (2001), Asiedu (2002), Asiedu and Lien (2010), Büthe and Milner (2008), Mlachila andTakebe (2011), Ramsey-Musolf (2016), Glaeser (2017), Goering and Whitehead (2017), Biyase and Rooderick (2018), González-Val (2020) Policy issues and measures: Austerity measures, FDI, Financial crisis, Housing equity, Regulatory governance, Taxation issues Gibb and Hoesli (2003), Stone (2006), Gabriel (2010), Bramley (2011S), Zavei and Jusan (2012), Levitin and Wachter (2012), Singh (2013), Mulliner and Maliene (2015), Roy (2018), Kusiak (2019), Li and Chau (2019), Marsha and Stephen (2019), Haffner and Hulse (2019), Robin (2019), Breuer and Steininger (2020), Malik et al (2020) Socio-economic features: Builders' disparity treatment/ harassment, Corruption in property, Demand-supply issues, Housing affordability, Housing market assessment, Housing pricing and/ bubble formation, Poverty and housing needs, Public housing system and Mortgage instruments, Real estate business practices, User's housing motivation,…”