“…The Þ rst group of studies argues that there is unidirectional causal ß ow from Þ nancial development to energy consumption. Studies whose Þ ndings are consistent with this view include Sadorsky (2010), Ozturk and Acaravci (2013), and Mudakkar et al (2013), amongst others. Sadorsky (2010), for example, examined the impact of Þ nancial development on energy demand for 22 emerging economies (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey).…”