Determinants of active pulmonary tuberculosis in Ambo Hospital, West Ethiopia

Abstract

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine factors associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis seen in cases in Ambo Hospital, Ethiopia.DesignA facility-based prospective case-control study.SettingPatients attending Ambo Hospital from 01 December 2011 to 29 March 2012.ParticipantsThe sample included 312 adult patients attending Ambo Hospital. The main outcome measure was presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).Explanatory measuresAge, gender, occupation, educational status, marital status, place of residence, patient history of TB, family history of TB, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, smoking, alcohol intake, khat chewing, body mass index (BMI), employment, diabetes, history of asthma, previous history of worm infestation, history of hospitalisation, number of adults living in the household (HH), person per room, housing condition.ResultsA total of 312 study participants, including 104 active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases (cases) and 208 non-active PTB cases (controls), were recruited for the present study. Having one or more family member with a history of TB (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.50–12.90), marital status (OR = 7.6; 95% CI: 2.2–12.6), male gender (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4–7), rural residence (OR = 3.3; P = 0.012), being a current or past smoker (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1–7.2), BMI < 18.5 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.03–4.2), HIV infection (OR = 8.8; 95% CI: 2.4–23.8) and a history of worm infestation (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.6–15.4) remained significant independent host-related factors for active PTB.ConclusionPatients who came from a compound with more than two HHs were more likely to develop active PTB than those who came from a compound with only one HH. Those who lived in houses with no windows were more likely to develop active PTB than those who lived in houses with one or more windows, had a family history of TB, lived in rural areas. Sex of the patient was a predicting factor. Not being the owner of the house was significantly more associated with active PTB. Measures taken to reduce the prevalence and burden of active PTB should consider these determinant factors.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tuberculosis among Adult Household Contacts of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated in Public Health Facilities of Haramaya District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia

“…However, communitybased study done in high burden settings in Ethiopia [15] and Philippines [27] showed significant association of older age groups with the presence of TB. Similarly, occupational status of the household contacts were not significantly associated with the occurrence of TB in this study which is inconsistent with the study conducted in West Ethiopia [17]. is might be due to difference with study participants, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors.…”

“…Methods. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire developed from previous literature [15][16][17] and it was pretested on 5% of the study participants in a nearby district (i.e., Aweday district). Data collectors and supervisors were trained on data collection tools and how to observe measure, collect, and transport samples to health facility that helped minimize bias, and maintain the quality of data.…”

Risk Factors for Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Health District of Thies, Senegal

“…This result confirms what has been observed elsewhere in the world. The same risk was observed during studies conducted in Africa especially in Zambia [14], Malawi [29], Ethiopia [5] and Gambia [30]. In the USA, the risk was 1.7 [11].…”

“…In another view, sometimes, treatment is proposed empirically based on clinical and radiological arguments. Studies conducted worldwide have identified several risk factors associated with the occurrence of EPTB: age [1,2,9], female sex [1,11,12], no vaccination [13], contact with TB patient [5,12,14], alcohol consumption [11,15], employment [13,16], diabetes [15] and HIV infection [1,11] particularly. Senegal, like many Sub-Saharan African countries, is facing the TB epidemics.…”

Tuberculosis risk factors in Lephalale local municipality of Limpopo province, South Africa

“…The majority of the respondents were residing in rural settlements (39.1%), while 36.5% of TB patients resided in urban settlements. These findings were supported by the study of Ephrem et al, 18 which shows that the environmental risk factors, economic factors, and attitudes and behaviour associated with the spread of TB. In this study people living with TB are in the age brackets 34-40 years and 26-33 years, which is to say that the young economically productive age groups suffer more from tuberculosis.…”