Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tuberculosis among Adult Household Contacts of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated in Public Health Facilities of Haramaya District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background. Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It still remains a major public health problem which affects all age groups. Risk of exposure is higher in household contact than members of the general population. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Haramaya district, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia from February to March, 2019. Method. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 454 study participants were selected using systematic sampling method from all adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated from July 2017 to December 2018. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire; and laboratory examination was processed using fluorescent smear microscope. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the infection of pulmonary tuberculosis and a statistically significant association was declared at P-value < 0.05. Result. The overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adult household contacts was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.8–10.0). The risk factors for tuberculosis infection among household contacts were eating meals less than three times per day (AOR = 4.31; 95% CI: 1.61, 11.55), drinking raw milk (AOR = 4.12; 95% CI: 1.43, 11.90), having family history of tuberculosis with more than one index case (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 6.92), living in poor ventilated houses (AOR = 4.02; 95% CI: 1.38, 11.76), and living in inadequate size of living room (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.30, 8.86). Conclusion. In this study, the prevalence of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis is high. Eating meals less than three times per day, drinking raw milk, living in poor ventilated houses, and inadequate sizes of the rooms were identified as contributing factors. Therefore, we recommend that the transmission of tuberculosis can potentially be reduced by a better contact tracing and treatment strategies along with appropriate health education.

Ecological Analysis of the Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Indonesia

“…The better the quality of lighting in the house, the less likely the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. These results align with Eastern Ethiopia research; places' lighting status associate with pulmonary tuberculosis 26 . Persistent with Aceh Besar District's findings, there was a significant correlation between the lighting condition and pulmonary tuberculosis incidence.…”

Exploration of barriers and facilitators to household contact tracing of index tuberculosis cases in Anlemo district, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia: Qualitative study

“…Its prevalence among contacts was 1.2% (microbiologically proven TB), 51.5% of latent TB and 3.4% of MDR or XDR TB; in contrast, among high-income settings, there were 28.1% LTB among contacts [6]. A study conducted in Ethiopia also showed that the overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adult household contacts was 7.8% [7].…”

Magnitude and associated factors of Intestinal Parasitosis and Tuberculosis among Tuberculosis suspected patients attending Kuyu General Hospital, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia

“…The case burden of TB is higher in Ethiopia (177/100,000 population) than that of the average case burden of TB worldwide (133/100,000) [3,6]. Social and behavioral factors including smoking, drinking alcohol, drinking raw milk, having a family history of tuberculosis, living in poor ventilated and inadequate size room, and rural residence are among risk factors hastening the disease progress [7][8][9]. On the other hand, an estimated 81 million Ethiopian populations are dwelling in endemic areas of the IPIs [10].…”