Abstract:Palabras clave: minería, arsénico, biodisponibilidad, partículas de aerosol RESUMEN La industria minera es una actividad próspera que ofrece beneficios económicos y oportunidades laborales importantes en los estados donde se desarrolla. Sin embargo, los residuos mineros denominados jales son de gran preocupación debido al riesgo de dispersión eólica y a la liberación de especies químicas por efectos de lixiviación y su consecuente daño a la población y a los ecosistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue: a) eva… Show more
“…Given the particle size, all the samples can form aerosols. The sample z-3 which has the highest probability of forming it because 69% of its composition has a smaller size than 100 microns (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ). In addition, when they measure less than 10 microns, they can be accumulated in the respiratory system and cause physical damage if they are insoluble and toxicity if they are solubilized, especially breathable particles (< 4 microns) which can pass into the bloodstream (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Puga et al, 2006 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The literature suggests that due to the measured particle size, both As and Pb can cause harm to the population and the environment through direct inhalation of the tailings. However, the measured pH values and sample characterization suggest that the abundance of carbonates and the basic pH of the samples will result in low dilution of both As and Pb in bodies of water, forming insoluble species and not generating acid drainage (Armienta et al, 2016 ; Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Gavilán García et al, 2017 et al, 2017 ; Kossoff et al, 2014 ; Salas Urviola et al, 2020a , 2020b ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(Corrales-Pérez & Romero, 2013 ; Kossoff et al, 2014 ; Solà et al, 2004 ). However, a first approximation of the site’s dangerousness could be made based on the characterization of the particulate matter from tailings using different analytical techniques and determining the total concentrations of potentially toxic elements and comparing them with the maximum permissible limits established by governmental or international organizations (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Loredo-Portales et al, 2020 ; Salas Urviola et al, 2020a , 2020b ). Dispersion modeling of tailings’ particles into the air can be done by having the availability of data and representative inventories of particle emissions that are essential for an environmental risk assessment and provide the basis for the analysis of the environmental fate of these tailings’ emissions (Richardson et al, 2019a , 2019b ).…”
Mining is one of the principal economic activities in Mexico, which in addition to bringing benefits to the population, causes health and environmental problems. This activity produces a lot of wastes, but the main one is tailings. In Mexico, these wastes are disposed of in the open air, and there is no control over them, so the particles of these wastes are dispersed by wind currents to the surrounding population. In this research, tailings were characterized, finding in them particles smaller than 100 microns; in this way, tailings can enter into the respiratory system and hence can cause diseases. Furthermore, it is important to identify the toxic components. The present work does not have previous research in Mexico, and it shows a qualitative characterization of the tailings from an active mine using different analytical techniques. In addition to the data obtained from the characterization of the tailings, as well as the concentration of the toxic elements found, which were Pb and As, a dispersal model was generated and used to estimate the concentration of particles in the wind generated at the studied area. The air quality model used in this research is AERMOD, where it uses emission factors and available databases provided by Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); Moreover, the model was coupled with meteorological information from the latest generation WRF model. The modeling results estimated that the dispersion of particles from the tailings dam can contribute up to 10.15 µg/m3 of PM10 to the air quality of the site, which, according to the characterization of the samples obtained, could be dangerous for human health and can be estimated up to a concentration of 0.04 µg/m3 of Pb and 10.90 ng/m3 of As. It is very important to make this kind of research to know the risk which people around this disposal sites are exposed to.
“…Given the particle size, all the samples can form aerosols. The sample z-3 which has the highest probability of forming it because 69% of its composition has a smaller size than 100 microns (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ). In addition, when they measure less than 10 microns, they can be accumulated in the respiratory system and cause physical damage if they are insoluble and toxicity if they are solubilized, especially breathable particles (< 4 microns) which can pass into the bloodstream (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Puga et al, 2006 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The literature suggests that due to the measured particle size, both As and Pb can cause harm to the population and the environment through direct inhalation of the tailings. However, the measured pH values and sample characterization suggest that the abundance of carbonates and the basic pH of the samples will result in low dilution of both As and Pb in bodies of water, forming insoluble species and not generating acid drainage (Armienta et al, 2016 ; Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Gavilán García et al, 2017 et al, 2017 ; Kossoff et al, 2014 ; Salas Urviola et al, 2020a , 2020b ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(Corrales-Pérez & Romero, 2013 ; Kossoff et al, 2014 ; Solà et al, 2004 ). However, a first approximation of the site’s dangerousness could be made based on the characterization of the particulate matter from tailings using different analytical techniques and determining the total concentrations of potentially toxic elements and comparing them with the maximum permissible limits established by governmental or international organizations (Gavilán-García et al, 2020 ; Loredo-Portales et al, 2020 ; Salas Urviola et al, 2020a , 2020b ). Dispersion modeling of tailings’ particles into the air can be done by having the availability of data and representative inventories of particle emissions that are essential for an environmental risk assessment and provide the basis for the analysis of the environmental fate of these tailings’ emissions (Richardson et al, 2019a , 2019b ).…”
Mining is one of the principal economic activities in Mexico, which in addition to bringing benefits to the population, causes health and environmental problems. This activity produces a lot of wastes, but the main one is tailings. In Mexico, these wastes are disposed of in the open air, and there is no control over them, so the particles of these wastes are dispersed by wind currents to the surrounding population. In this research, tailings were characterized, finding in them particles smaller than 100 microns; in this way, tailings can enter into the respiratory system and hence can cause diseases. Furthermore, it is important to identify the toxic components. The present work does not have previous research in Mexico, and it shows a qualitative characterization of the tailings from an active mine using different analytical techniques. In addition to the data obtained from the characterization of the tailings, as well as the concentration of the toxic elements found, which were Pb and As, a dispersal model was generated and used to estimate the concentration of particles in the wind generated at the studied area. The air quality model used in this research is AERMOD, where it uses emission factors and available databases provided by Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); Moreover, the model was coupled with meteorological information from the latest generation WRF model. The modeling results estimated that the dispersion of particles from the tailings dam can contribute up to 10.15 µg/m3 of PM10 to the air quality of the site, which, according to the characterization of the samples obtained, could be dangerous for human health and can be estimated up to a concentration of 0.04 µg/m3 of Pb and 10.90 ng/m3 of As. It is very important to make this kind of research to know the risk which people around this disposal sites are exposed to.
“…La minería abrió paso al desarrollo económico como lo conocían los europeos, generando asentamientos que se volvieron permanentes en los distritos mineros a lo largo del país (West, R. C., 2004), y una gran cantidad de residuos que hoy representan pasivos ambientales, en condiciones de abandono o sin las medidas adecuadas para reducir los impactos de un depósito de jal fuera de operación en la calidad del aire (Gavilán-García et. al., 2020;Ramos-Gómez et.…”
Se evaluó el desempeño en adaptación y crecimiento de Atriplex canescens (AC) y Sporobolus airoides (SA) en mezclas de sustratos a base de jal de hematita y suelo de la localidad de La Perla, Camargo, Chihuahua, con fines de fitorremediación para depósitos fuera de operación y espacios afectados por derrames. El potencial de generación de Drenaje Acido de Mina (DAM) también fue calculado debido a la presencia de azufre en las muestras jal. Las mezclas fueron preparadas en 5 diferentes proporciones en masa para cada especie vegetal, con una réplica, para un total de 20 unidades experimentales. La germinación se realizó en charola y las plántulas fueron coladas en los sustratos compuestos para ser monitoreadas durante 9 semanas en altura y sobrevivencia. Las técnicas de Fluorescencia de Rayos X e ICP fueron utilizadas con fines de caracterización en la determinación de As, Pb, Cr, Cd y Zinc, para los diferentes sustratos. En la determinación del potencial de generación de DAM se aplicó la técnica de espectrometría de UV-Visible, apoyados en el Anexo Normativo 5 fracción II de la NOM-141-SEMARNAT-2003, NMX-B-400-1970, NMX-B-021-1982 y NMX-AA-074-SCFI-2014. Los parámetros de pH y permeabilidad también fueron considerados en la caracterización de los sustratos. Se descartó la generación de DAM y se reportan valores de pH ligeramente alcalinos, de 7.52 a 8.2, así como baja permeabilidad, en el rango de los 7.4E-7 m/s a 1.3E-5 m/s. Las concentraciones de los metales pesados y metaloides de interés se detectaron en cantidades inferiores a los límites máximos permitidos o no cuantificables. Del análisis estadístico, análisis de varianza para un factor utilizando el modelo de efectos fijos, se infiere que la cantidad de jal de hematita en las mezclas de sustratos tiene un efecto significativo en el crecimiento de AC en comparación con el sustrato “suelo”. El SA que no muestra deferencia significativa entre las mezclas de sustrato y el sustrato “suelo”. Ambas especies vegetales en combinación con alguna de las tres mezclas de sustratos, puede formar una superficie de cobertura natural viable con fines de fitorremediación. Ninguna de las dos especies pudo adaptarse y prosperar de manera razonable directamente en el jal de hematita.
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