Detergents: A review of the nature, chemistry, and behavior in the aquatic environment. Part I. Chemical composition and analytical techniques

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

“…Stock solutions of the enzymes were made immediately prior to commencing the bioassays and were stirred for a maximum of 15 min. Stirring was conducted so that no bubbles were formed when the surfactants were dissolved, as the formation of bubbles leads to depletion of surfactants in the solution (Aboul-Kassim and Simoneit, 1993). Light was excluded during the stirring to minimize photodegradation of the chemicals.…”

Toxicity of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and One Long-Chain Degradation Intermediate, Sulfophenyl Carboxylic Acid on Early Life-Stages of Seabream (Sparus Aurata)

“…Among them, detergents are probably the largest class of synthetic products of domestic use, and their increased production has altered our immediate human environment, providing a considerable amount of new compounds as a consequence of their partial degradation (Aboul-Kassim and Simoneit, 1993).…”

Ultrasonic extraction and LC determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in plant tissues

“…A number of extraction and analytical methods for monitoring LP~S in water, sediment and soil have been reported [5-7, 9, 12-18]. However, no reports of extraction and determination of LAS in plants could be found in the literature except a very few using radioactivity for experimental samples in which 14C-labeled LAS was applied [5,12], or non-specific colorimetric methods using Azure A [12]. Radioactive methods which are not suitable for natural plant samples, meanwhile, involve no extraction and isolation of LAS from plant components [12].…”

“…Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), one of the major constituents of synthetic detergents and comprising about 30 % of all synthetic surfactants [1,2], is most widely used for domestic and industrial purposes, in both percentage and absolute amounts [3][4][5]. At the same time, it is also the most common pollutant found in almost all environmental fields [6][7][8][9].…”