Detector Development for the Linac Coherent Light Source

Blaj, G.; Caragiulo, P.; Carini, G.; Carron, S.; Dragone, A.; Freytag, D.; Haller, G.; Hart, Philip; Herbst, R.; Herrmann, Sven; Hasi, J.; Kenney, C. J.; Marković, Bojan; Nishimura, K.; Osier, S.; Pines, J.; Segal, J.; Tomada, A.; Weaver, M.

doi:10.1080/08940886.2014.930803

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…At a first glance it would seem that detectors with such a slow response would not be suitable for the new ultra-fast x-ray free-electron lasers (FEL) coming online [2]. However, FELs require a range of detectors with different specifications to cover the applications space [3], [4], [5]. For a subset of experiments at FELs, SDDs can make substantial contributions [6], [7].…”

Section: A Silicon Drift Detectors At Free-electron Laser Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Blaj

Kenney

Dragone

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-Silicon drift detectors (SDDs) revolutionized spectroscopy in fields as diverse as geology and dentistry. For a subset of experiments at ultra-fast, x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), SDDs can make substantial contributions. Often the unknown spectrum is interesting, carrying science data, or the background measurement is useful to identify unexpected signals. Many measurements involve only several discrete photon energies known a priori, allowing single event, Bayesian decomposition of pile-up and spectroscopic photon counting. We designed a pulse function (a combination of gradual step and exponential decay function) and demonstrated that for individual pulses the signal amplitude, peaking time, and pulse amplitude are interrelated and at short peaking times the pulse amplitude is not an optimal estimator for signal amplitude; instead, the signal amplitude and peaking time are obtained for each pulse by fitting, thus removing the need for pulse shaping. Avoiding pulse shaping reduced peaking times to tens of nanoseconds, resulting in reduced pulse pile-up and allowing decomposition of remaining pulse pile-up at photon separation times down to 100 ns while yielding time-of-arrival information with precision of 10 nanoseconds. At pulsed sources or high photon rates, photon pile-up still occurs. We showed that the area of one photon peaks is not suitable for estimating high photon rates while pile-up spectrum fitting is relatively simple and preferable to pile-up spectrum deconvolution. We developed a photon pile-up model for constant intensity sources, extended it to variable intensity sources (typical for FELs) and used it to fit a complex pileup spectrum, demonstrating its accuracy. Based on the pile-up model, we developed a Bayesian pile-up decomposition method that allows decomposing pile-up of single events with up to 6 photons from 6 monochromatic lines with 99% accuracy. The usefulness of SDDs will continue into the x-ray FEL era of science. Their successors, the ePixS hybrid pixel detectors, already offer hundreds of pixels, each with similar performance to an SDD, in a compact, robust and affordable package.

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Section: A Silicon Drift Detectors At Free-electron Laser Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Blaj

Kenney

Dragone

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…The current ePix ASICs (ePix100, ePix10k, ePixS) have been initially developed for the LCLS requirements to expand the range of applications covered today by the CSPAD [10,4,5], providing better signal to noise ratios, larger range, reduced pixel size, and an upgrade path to high speed detection (see summary in Table 1). [10] is the principal detector currently used for LCLS hard X-ray experiments [5].…”

Section: Current Epix Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For FELs, the main requirements for x-ray detection include [3,4,5,6]: low noise (down to single photon sensitivity), high maximum detectable signal range (further called "range"), speed, large area, energy range, radiation hardness, modular design facilitating repairs [7], energy dissipation, cost. It is essential to detect quasi-instantaneous pulses (femtosecond scale) containing multiple photons; integrating detectors are thus suitable for FELs while typical photon-counting detectors are not [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future of ePix detectors for high repetition rate FELs

Blaj¹,

Caragiulo²,

Carini³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…A second generation camera system has been developed and built at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for use in experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) [1,2] and other radiation sources. The system is developed around the ePix family of hybrid pixel detectors and ASICs [3], with a focus on modularity in mechanical, electrical, and data acquisition interfaces, allowing for a versatile system that can be quickly reconfigured and stacked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%