Design and performance of the ePix camera system

Nishimura, K.; Blaj, G.; Caragiulo, P.; Carini, G.; Dragone, A.; Haller, G.; Hart, Philip; Hasi, J.; Herbst, R.; Herrmann, Sven; Kenney, C. J.; Kwiatkowski, Maciej; Marković, Bojan; Osier, S.; Pines, J.; Reese, Benjamin; Segal, J.; Tomada, A.; Weaver, M.

doi:10.1063/1.4952919

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These detectors will be coupled, e.g., to crystal spectrometers. Three EPIX10k modules [123] have identical chip size, 100 µm pixel pitch, but offer 10 4 dynamic range by gain switching. With the same dynamic range, four Jungfrau modules offer 40 × 80 mm 2 chips each with 75 µm pixel pitch and 10 4 dynamic range at 12 keV [124].…”

Section: Hed Instrumentation and Capabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon Beam Transport and Scientific Instruments at the European XFEL

et al. 2017

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Featured Application: This article describes the layout of the European XFEL, a soft and hard X-ray free-electron laser user facility starting operation in 2017. Emphasis is put on the photon beam systems, scientific applications and the instrumentation of the scientific instruments of the European XFEL.Abstract: European XFEL is a free-electron laser (FEL) user facility providing soft and hard X-ray FEL radiation to initially six scientific instruments. Starting user operation in fall 2017 European XFEL will provide new research opportunities to users from science domains as diverse as physics, chemistry, geo-and planetary sciences, materials sciences or biology. The unique feature of European XFEL is the provision of high average brilliance in the soft and hard X-ray regime, combined with the pulse properties of FEL radiation of extreme peak intensities, femtosecond pulse duration and high degree of coherence. The high average brilliance is achieved through acceleration of up to 27,000 electron bunches per second by the super-conducting electron accelerator. Enabling the usage of this high average brilliance in user experiments is one of the major instrumentation drivers for European XFEL. The radiation generated by three FEL sources is distributed via long beam transport systems to the experiment hall where the scientific instruments are located side-by-side. The X-ray beam transport systems have been optimized to maintain the unique features of the FEL radiation which will be monitored using build-in photon diagnostics. The six scientific instruments are optimized for specific applications using soft or hard X-ray techniques and include integrated lasers, dedicated sample environment, large area high frame rate detector(s) and computing systems capable of processing large quantities of data.

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Section: Hed Instrumentation and Capabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon Beam Transport and Scientific Instruments at the European XFEL

et al. 2017

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“…EPIXS PIXEL DETECTORS: SDD SUCCESSORS ePixS [29], [30] is a 2D, charge integrating, hybrid pixel detector with an array of 10 × 10 500 µm × 500 µm pixels, where each pixel has a spectroscopic performance (noise σ of 8 e − or ≈ 30 eV, and measured line width of ≈ 215 eV FWHM at Mn Kα) approaching that of SDDs. The ePixS camera is built on the ePix platform [31], providing a large number of spectroscopic imaging pixels in a compact, robust and affordable camera package [32]. Fig.…”

Section: Single Event Bayesian Decomposition Of Photon Pile-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 10 shows an 55 Fe source spectrum (Mn Kα at 5.90 keV and Mn Kβ at 6.49 keV lines) measured with an ePixS detector (reproduced with permission from [32]). The spectrum is collected in all pixels individually and shown in a single plot here.…”

Section: Single Event Bayesian Decomposition Of Photon Pile-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Blaj

Kenney

Dragone

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-Silicon drift detectors (SDDs) revolutionized spectroscopy in fields as diverse as geology and dentistry. For a subset of experiments at ultra-fast, x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), SDDs can make substantial contributions. Often the unknown spectrum is interesting, carrying science data, or the background measurement is useful to identify unexpected signals. Many measurements involve only several discrete photon energies known a priori, allowing single event, Bayesian decomposition of pile-up and spectroscopic photon counting. We designed a pulse function (a combination of gradual step and exponential decay function) and demonstrated that for individual pulses the signal amplitude, peaking time, and pulse amplitude are interrelated and at short peaking times the pulse amplitude is not an optimal estimator for signal amplitude; instead, the signal amplitude and peaking time are obtained for each pulse by fitting, thus removing the need for pulse shaping. Avoiding pulse shaping reduced peaking times to tens of nanoseconds, resulting in reduced pulse pile-up and allowing decomposition of remaining pulse pile-up at photon separation times down to 100 ns while yielding time-of-arrival information with precision of 10 nanoseconds. At pulsed sources or high photon rates, photon pile-up still occurs. We showed that the area of one photon peaks is not suitable for estimating high photon rates while pile-up spectrum fitting is relatively simple and preferable to pile-up spectrum deconvolution. We developed a photon pile-up model for constant intensity sources, extended it to variable intensity sources (typical for FELs) and used it to fit a complex pileup spectrum, demonstrating its accuracy. Based on the pile-up model, we developed a Bayesian pile-up decomposition method that allows decomposing pile-up of single events with up to 6 photons from 6 monochromatic lines with 99% accuracy. The usefulness of SDDs will continue into the x-ray FEL era of science. Their successors, the ePixS hybrid pixel detectors, already offer hundreds of pixels, each with similar performance to an SDD, in a compact, robust and affordable package.

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“…The ePix x-ray hybrid pixel detectors are built on the ePix platform [8,9], which is modular and easy to adapt for particular detection requirements. The current ePix ASICs (ePix100, ePix10k, ePixS) have been initially developed for the LCLS requirements to expand the range of applications covered today by the CSPAD [10,4,5], providing better signal to noise ratios, larger range, reduced pixel size, and an upgrade path to high speed detection (see summary in Table 1).…”

Section: Current Epix Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%