Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology

Dynon, Kemperly; Black, W. D.; Ficorilli, Nino; Hartley, Carol A.; Studdert, M. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.x

Cited by 56 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The apparent prevalence of EHV-5 infection was very high in this breeding farm (60% on NS and 52.73% on PBMCs) compared to previous reports (Reubel et al 1995;Franchini et al 1997;Dynon et al 2007;Wang et al 2007;Torfason et al 2008;Fortier et al 2009a;Richter et al 2009;Ataseven et al 2010). Similar prevalence was reported only in healthy horses aged 2-6 years in North America (Bell et al 2006b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The different results between younger and older horses could be linked to the different viral phases, with a decreasing amount of virus in older horses, probably latently infected, in comparison to younger mainly acutely infected horses. The young age is more frequently associated with EHV-5 infection and it could represent a confounding factor, in the way that the detection of EHV-5 could be incorrectly considered in association with some pathological condition if an adequate control of healthy animals of the same age is not present in the study (Dynon et al 2007;Diallo et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection

et al. 2010

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Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection was detected in a farm in Italy by the use of a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting glycoprotein B of EHV-5 on nasal swabs and blood samples of clinically healthy and randomly selected Lipizzaner horses (n = 55). Twenty-five horses at the age of 4-17 years and 30 at an age of 1-3 years were sampled once. The association of the infection with these age-groups and the gender of the horses was investigated. The apparent prevalence of EHV-5 infection was significantly different between age-cohorts: it was higher in the younger group of horses with 73,3% and 80% positives in nasal swabs and blood respectively, compared to 40% of nasal swabs and 20% of blood in the older horses. An age-dependence therefore was observed: the young age is more frequently associated with EHV-5 infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection

et al. 2010

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“…Moreover, EHV-4 was isolated from these samples when ED cells were inoculated. The results obtained for NS-9, and NS-11 were similar to those of Dynon et al [19] who have managed to isolate only EHV-4 from a horse that was EHV-4, EHV-5 and EHV-2 PCR positive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland

et al. 2008

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SummaryTwelve nasal swabs were collected from yearling horses with respiratory distress and tested for Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) by realtime PCR targeting the glycoprotein B gene. All samples were negative for EHV-1; however 3 were positive for EHV-4. When these samples were tested for EHV-2 and EHV-5 by PCR all samples were negative for EHV-2 and 11 were positive for EHV-5. All three samples that were positive for EHV-4 were also positive for EHV-5.These three samples gave a limited CPE in ED cells reminiscent of EHV-4 CPE.EHV-4 CPE was obvious after 3 days and was characterised by syncytia. None of the samples produced cytopathic effect (CPE) on African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells or hamster kidney (BSR) cells. Four of the samples, which were positive in the EHV-5 PCR, produced CPE on rabbit kidney (RK13) cells and equine dermis (ED) cells. EHV-5 CPE on both cell lines was slow and was apparent after four 7-day passages. On RK13 cells the CPE was characteristic of equid herpesvirus with the formation of syncytia. However in ED cells, the CPE was characterised by ringshaped syncytia.For the first time a case of equine respiratory disease involving dual infection with EHV-4 and EHV-5 has been reported in Queensland. This was shown by simultaneously isolating EHV-4 and EHV-5 from clinical samples. EHV5 was recovered from all samples except one, suggesting that EHV5 was more prevalent in young horses than EHV2.

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“…However, other reports show that EEL cells are susceptible to EHV4, while RK13 are suitable for EHV1 isolation (Heldens et al 2001). The study performed by Dynon et al (2007) gave similar results to ours with three successful EHV4 isolations from 20 nasal swabs tested. The authors also used Vero cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

First report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in Poland – evaluation of diagnostic tools

Ploszay¹,

Rola²,

Larska³

et al. 2013

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Upper respiratory tract infections are still a serious problem in breeding and racing horses. The most common virological factors are EHV1 and EHV4, which are both a major cause of secondary infections. High EHV4 seroprevalence in Polish horses indicates a high transmission rate of this pathogen among horses and increases the need for proper diagnostics. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable laboratory diagnostic scheme for upper respiratory tract infections and to describe the first isolation of EHV4 in Poland. Twenty one nasal swabs collected from young horses under the age of 2 years showing clinical signs of equine rhinopneumonitis were tested with duplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation between EHV1/EHV4. Positive samples were then subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells. Additionally, real-time PCR was developed which allowed viral copy numbers to be quantified and enabled defining that a DNA load below 10 3 copies per 1 ml of the sample reflected latent infection or decline of the disease. However, the sensitivity of traditional PCR proved to be sufficient in the diagnostic of the lytic infections and allowed identification of 10 EHV4 infected horses from which 3 strains were successfully isolated in cell culture. Another four EHV4 positive results were obtained by real-time PCR; but, a high Ct (threshold cycle) and a low virus DNA copy number suggested a latent infection. This report describes the first successful isolation of EHV4 from Polish horses.

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Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology

Cited by 56 publications

References 15 publications

Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection

Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection

Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland

First report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in Poland – evaluation of diagnostic tools

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