Detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST6-vanB2 and E. faecium ST915-vanA in faecal samples of wild Rattus rattus in Spain

Lozano, Carmen; González‐Barrio, David; García, Jesús T.; Ceballos, Sara; Olea, Pedro P.; Ruiz‐Fons, Francisco; Torres, Carmén

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.025

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…A 2008 report by Feizabadi et al in Labbafinejad, Tehran, showed that 100% of E. faecalis isolates from urine samples were susceptible to vancomycin by disk-diffusion method, whereas E. faecium samples were 71% resistant to vancomycin (11)(12)(13). The results of this study are somewhat different from the results of our study statistically, which could be due to the type of study, or the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance and resistance patterns in hospitals.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Enterococcus Species by E-Test Method at Khatam-ol-Anbia Hospital During 2013 – 2014

Yadegarynia

Roodsari

Arab-Mazar

2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Background: Over the past decade, Enterococci have been shown to be an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Inappropriate use of antibiotics led to changes in the pattern of antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus species. Unfortunately, no study has been performed in Iran in recent years regarding the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci using the E-test method as a base. We must gain sufficient knowledge about the regional antibiotic resistances related to Enterococcus so that we can monitor the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus by administering appropriate treatments. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility among Enterococcus species by the E-test method at Khatam-ol-Anbia hospital during 2013 -2014. Patients and Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out during 2013 -2014. All clinical samples were collected from the intensive care unit (ICU) and general wards of Khatam-ol-Anbia hospital. All Enterococcus species were detected via biochemical testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined via disk diffusion and the E-test method. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the data. Results: A total of 53 Enterococci were isolated from clinical samples of blood, urine, wounds, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over a two-year period from the ICU and general wards. The isolated Enterococcus species were 77.35% E. faecalis, 18.86% E. faecium, and 3.77% other species. Species evaluated by E-test were resistant to imipenem, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, rifampicin, vancomycin, linezolid, and teicoplanin; 54%, 68%, 100%, 93.8%, 60.4%, 39.6%, 0%, and 29.2%, respectively. Among the strains of enterococci, 90.9% of E. faecium and 20% of E. faecalis species were resistant to vancomycin. Conclusions: According to these findings, antibiotic-resistance patterns have changed, and vancomycin resistance, especially among E. faecium, is rising because of nosocomial infections. Consequently, it has become a serious subject for patients admitted into a hospital.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Enterococcus Species by E-Test Method at Khatam-ol-Anbia Hospital During 2013 – 2014

Yadegarynia

Roodsari

Arab-Mazar

2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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“…Moreover, this gene is usually located in transposon Tn1546 which facilities its mobilization and transference to other microorganisms. Our isolate showed identical Tn1546 structure to one previously described in two studies carried out in Spain, one of them in an E. faecium isolate from a wild black rat [13] and the other one in a clinical isolate [19]. This transposon and other resistance genes are often mobilized by the same plasmid, being transferred at the same time when one of the antimicrobial agents is used.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The presence of vanA in other wild mammals, such as woodmice (Apodemus sylvaticus), black rats (Rattus rattus), or badgers (Meles meles), has been previously reported [13,25]. This gene has also been identified in wild birds and amphibians [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Identical resistance genes have been observed in enterococci from animals and humans, and they seem to spread freely among isolates from different reservoirs independently of their apparent host specificity [12]. At this point, wild animals play an important role, and some studies have already reported the presence of VRE and/or HLR-A enterococci in wild small mammals, rabbits, and birds [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of fecal vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms in wild animals, Spain

Lozano¹,

González‐Barrio

Camacho

et al. 2015

Microb Ecol

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The objectives were to evaluate the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired (VRE-a) and intrinsic (VRE-i) resistance mechanisms in fecal samples from different wild animals, and analyze their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 348 cloacal/rectal samples from red-legged partridges (127), white storks (81), red kites (59), and wild boars (81) (June 2014/February 2015) were inoculated in Slanetz-Bartley agar supplemented with vancomycin (4 μg/mL). We investigated the susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and the presence of 19 antimicrobial resistance and five virulence genes. In addition, we performed multilocus sequence typing, detection of IS16 and studied Tn1546 structure. One VRE-a isolate was identified in one wild boar. This isolate was identified as Enterococcus faecium, harbored vanA gene included into Tn1546 (truncated with IS1542/IS1216), and belonged to the new ST993. This isolate contained the erm(A), erm(B), tet(M), dfrG, and dfrK genes. Neither element IS16 nor the studied virulence genes were detected. Ninety-six VRE-i isolates were identified (89 Enterococcus gallinarum and seven Enterococcus casseliflavus), with the following prevalence: red kites (71.2 %), white storks (46.9 %), red-legged partridges (7.9 %), and wild boars (4.9 %). Most E. gallinarum isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (66.3 %) and/or erythromycin (46.1 %). High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was present among our VRE-i isolates: kanamycin (22.9 %), streptomycin (11.5 %), and gentamicin (9.4 %). In general, VRE-i isolates of red kites showed higher rates of resistance for non-glycopeptide agents than those of other animal species. The dissemination of acquired resistance mechanisms in natural environments could have implications in the global spread of resistance with public health implications.

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“…In addition, the dynamics of gene exchange in microbial communities can be altered, and transfer of resistance genes may occur (39,40). VRE and vancomycin resistance genes have been detected globally in the feces of agricultural and wild animals (30,(41)(42)(43)(44), surface waters (45)(46)(47), WWTPs (48), domestic (community) sewage (49), and hospital sewage (30,46,50). Clinically relevant strains and vanA genes have rarely been reported in the environment in the United States (51,52).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Bacterial Community Structure following a Sewage Spill into an Aquatic Environment

Young

Sun

Badgley

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Sewage spills can release antibiotic-resistant bacteria into surface waters, contributing to environmental reservoirs and potentially impacting human health. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial pathogens that have been detected in environmental habitats, including soil, water, and beach sands, as well as wildlife feces. However, VRE harboring vanA genes that confer high-level resistance have infrequently been found outside clinical settings in the United States. This study found culturable Enterococcus faecium harboring the vanA gene in water and sediment for up to 3 days after a sewage spill, and the quantitative PCR (qPCR) signal for vanA persisted for an additional week. Culturable levels of enterococci in water exceeded recreational water guidelines for 2 weeks following the spill, declining about five orders of magnitude in sediments and two orders of magnitude in the water column over 6 weeks. Analysis of bacterial taxa via 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed changes in community structure through time following the sewage spill in sediment and water. The spread of opportunistic pathogens harboring high-level vancomycin resistance genes beyond hospitals and into the broader community and associated habitats is a potential threat to public health, requiring further studies that examine the persistence, occurrence, and survival of VRE in different environmental matrices. IMPORTANCEVancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are harmful bacteria that are resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin, which is used as a last resort against many infections. This study followed the release of VRE in a major sewage spill and their persistence over time. Such events can act as a means of spreading vancomycin-resistant bacteria in the environment, which can eventually impact human health.A ntibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are a growing public health threat and an economic burden globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States has placed a high priority on addressing antibiotic resistance because of rising rates of ARB infection and associated disease burden and health care costs (1, 2). Most infections caused by ARB are nosocomial transmissions (i.e., originating in a hospital), but the role of environmental reservoirs in spreading ARB outside clinical settings is poorly understood. Studies have emphasized the role of environmental reservoirs in the spread of antibiotic resistance for decades, but more field and laboratory studies are necessary to address the specific mechanisms and conditions under which ARB survive and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) persist or can be transferred (3-5). Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are sources of ARB, ARGs, and antimicrobial compounds through both treated effluent and the unplanned release of raw sewage to surface waters (6-9). ARB, ARGs, and antibiotics can be released into aquatic environments through human and agricultural waste, establishing routes of human exposure and threats to ecosystem health.Vancomycin i...

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Detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST6-vanB2 and E. faecium ST915-vanA in faecal samples of wild Rattus rattus in Spain

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Enterococcus Species by E-Test Method at Khatam-ol-Anbia Hospital During 2013 – 2014

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Enterococcus Species by E-Test Method at Khatam-ol-Anbia Hospital During 2013 – 2014

Characterization of fecal vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms in wild animals, Spain

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Bacterial Community Structure following a Sewage Spill into an Aquatic Environment

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