Detection of T-2 Toxin in Wheat and Maize with a Portable Mass Spectrometer

Maragos, Chris M.

doi:10.3390/toxins15030222

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, the authors stated that a similar assay with anti-IC antibodies could also be developed for T-2 that would allow for an accurate multiplex measurement [ 124 ]. The group of Zhang et al [ 151 ] then developed what they referred to as a competitive amplified luminescent proximity homogenous assay (AlphaLISA) using a T-2 antibody, which negates the need for washing the plate and results in a low coefficient of variation. Although the authors did not specify the cross-reactivity of the antibody with HT-2, the detection range of both was identical, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.28 ng/mL and 2.75 ng/mL for T-2 and HT-2, respectively [ 151 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

Meneely,

Greer,

Kolawole

et al. 2023

Toxins

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One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review

Meneely,

Greer,

Kolawole

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…Some of the recent advancements have shown the availability of portable MS systems for detection and monitoring. Maragos 131 has evaluated the potential of portable MS (APCI-MS) for the detection of T-2 toxin mycotoxin in contaminated cereal grains, wheat, and maize by APCI-MS. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile+water (84:16, v/v) followed by drying and reconstitution in ammonium formate.…”

Section: Recent Advancements In Food Toxin Detection Using Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

Ahuja,

Singh,

Paul

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.

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