Detection of Leishmania infantum in the smegma of infected dogs

Silva, L. C.; Assis, Viviane Pedersoli; Ribeiro, Vítor Márcio; Tafuri, Wagner Luiz; Júnior, J. C. Toledo; Silva, S. O.; Melo, Maria Norma; Rachid, Milene Alvarenga; Valle, Guilherme Ribeiro

doi:10.1590/1678-41626610

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In venereal transmission, infection would first occur in the male and female external genital organs during copulation. In males, the infection would then spread via the hematogenous or lymphatic route from the penis, which shows a high frequency of this parasite in the prepuce, glans penis and smegma [ 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 ], to the testis, epididymis and prostate. In females, the infection would spread via the hematogenous or lymphatic route from the vulva and vagina to the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis may explain the lower frequency and parasite load in the uterus observed in the present study and in the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries in the study of Boechat et al [11] when compared to the external genital organs. According to a previously reported hypothesis, venereal transmission of L. infantum from male to female dogs would occur by transfer of amastigote forms present in the glans penis, prepuce and smegma through contact with the vulvo/vaginal mucosae or with the oral mucosa of females by licking and sniffing of the preputial/penile region, as well as by ejaculation of infected semen into the female genital tract [2,3,10,11]. On the other hand, Magro et al [16] suggested that venereal transmission of this parasite from female to male would be a result of the sexual behavior of males that sniff and lick the vulva and thus come in contact with positive vaginal secretions, as well as the contact of the penis with these secretions during copulation.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to classical transmission through the bite of infected sandflies, venereal and vertical transmission of the disease is possible [2][3][4][5]. In the genital tract of dogs, amastigote forms or DNA of Leishmania have been detected in the testis, epididymis, prostate, glans penis, prepuce, scrotum, smegma, semen, vulva, vagina, vaginal secretion, placenta, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries [2,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency, active infection and load of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract of male and female dogs

et al. 2020

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Visceral leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum is a zoonosis. The domestic dog is the primary reservoir in urban areas. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, active infection and load of L . infantum in the genital tract of male and female dogs seropositive for this parasite, as well as to identify histological genital alterations associated with this protozoan. We studied 45 male and 25 female L . infantum -seropositive noncastrated dogs from the same endemic area in Brazil. Tissue samples from the testis, epididymis, prostate, vulva, vagina, and uterus were examined by singleplex qPCR and parasitological tests (histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and parasitological culture). The latter were performed for the detection of active infection (parasites able to multiply and to induce lesions). Forty-four (98%) males and 25 (100%) females were positive for L . infantum in the genital tract (epididymis: 98%; vulva: 92%; vagina: 92%; testis: 91%; uterus: 84%; prostate: 66%). Active infection in the genital tract was confirmed in 69% of males and 64% of females (32% in the uterus). Parasite loads were similar in the testis, vulva, epididymis and vagina and lower in the prostate. Only the parasite load in the vagina was significantly associated with the number of clinical signs. Granulomatous inflammation predominated in all organs, except for the prostate. Only in the testis and epididymis was the inflammatory infiltrate significantly more intense among dogs with a higher parasite load in these organs. The high frequency, detection of active infection and similarity of L . infantum loads in the genital tract of infected males and females suggest the potential of venereal transmission of this parasite by both sexes and of vertical transmission by females in the area studied. Additionally, vertical transmission may be frequent since active L . infantum infection was a common observation in the uterus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency, active infection and load of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract of male and female dogs

et al. 2020

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“…These percentages rose to 95% and 60% for symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmaniasis, respectively, in the epididymal duct. The detection of Leishmania parasites in semen has been evidenced through parasite culture [108], microscopic observation or immunohistology [294,296], and polymerase chain reaction [294,295,297]. A CVL experimental infection of 8 female dogs pinpoints that vulvar swab is at least as sensitive as an oral swab for the detection and quantification of Leishmania kDNA, and this methodology is proposed to confirm Leishmania infection in seropositive dogs [298].…”

Section: Genital Organs: Semen/vulvular Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sereno

Akhoundi

Sayehmri

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I 2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.

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“…These percentages rose to 95% and 60% for symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmaniasis, respectively, in the epididymal duct. The detection of Leishmania parasites in semen has been evidenced through parasite culture [112], microscopic observation or immunohistology [286,288], and polymerase chain reaction [286,287,289]. A CVL experimental infection of 8 female dogs pinpoints that vulvar swab is at least as sensitive as oral swab for the detection and quantification of Leishmania kDNA, and this methodology is proposed to confirm Leishmania infection in seropositive dogs [290].…”

Section: Conjunctival Swab/lacrimal Fluid/occularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sereno¹,

Akhoundi²,

Sayehmri³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they caused requires the sampling of body fluids (blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) or organ biopsies (bone marrow, spleen, etc.), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, Google. The information of each selected article (n=333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on Human African Trypanosomiasis and a the absence on animal Trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigen for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swab can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristle showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristle for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.

show abstract

Detection of Leishmania infantum in the smegma of infected dogs

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Frequency, active infection and load of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract of male and female dogs

Frequency, active infection and load of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract of male and female dogs

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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