Detection of Lard in Cocoa Butter—Its Fatty Acid Composition, Triacylglycerol Profiles, and Thermal Characteristics

Azir, Marliana; Abbasiliasi, Sahar; Ibrahim, Tengku Azmi Tengku; Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Abdul; Sazili, Awis Qurni; Mustafa, Shuhaimi

doi:10.3390/foods6110098

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…There is also one minor exothermic peak at around −24 • C. It has been reported that the intensity of this peak varies with the nature of lard, the feeding type, and the variety of fatty acid composition. The saturated FA and TAG crystallize at high temperature, whereas the unsaturated FA and TAG crystallize at low temperatures [47].…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Towards the Use of Waste Pig Fat as a Novel Potential Bio-Based Rejuvenator for Recycled Asphalt Pavement

et al. 2020

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This article presents a novel potential bio-based rejuvenator derived from waste pig fat (WPF) for use in recycled asphalt applications. To achieve this purpose, the impact of different doses waste pig fat (e.g., 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt.% WPF) on the reclaimed asphalt pavement binder (RAP-B) performance is investigated. The unmodified and WPF-modified asphalts are characterized by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thin-layer chromatography–flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Physico-rheological properties of asphalt blends are assessed through Brookfield viscometer, softening point, penetration, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. TLC-FID data highlighted that incremental WPF addition into RAP-B restored its original balance maltenes-to-asphaltenes ratio; finding which was supported by FT-IR analysis. SEM disclosed that WPF has a great compatibility with the aged asphalt. AFM observations showed that grease treatment induced a decline in surface roughness (i.e., bee structures) and a rise in friction force (i.e., para-phase dimension) of RAP binder. TGA/DSC studies revealed that the bio-modifier not only possesses an excellent thermal stability but also can substantially enhance the binder low-temperature performance. Empirical and DSR tests demonstrated that WPF improved the low-temperature performance grade of RAP-B, reduced its mixing and compaction temperatures, and noticeably boosted its fatigue cracking resistance. The rejuvenation of aged asphalt employing WPF is feasible and can be an ideal approach to recycle both of RAP and waste pig fats.

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Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Towards the Use of Waste Pig Fat as a Novel Potential Bio-Based Rejuvenator for Recycled Asphalt Pavement

et al. 2020

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“…Apart from C20:2, the fatty acids C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 also differ significantly in cocoa butter adulterated with lard. The lowest lard concentration for which all analyzed fatty acids in a sample were significantly different from those in unadulterated cocoa butter was 10% (7). Recently, fatty acid ratios have become potential parameters for indicating animal fat adulteration, including that from lard (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmarket Laboratory Surveillance for Forbidden Substances in Halal-Certified Foods in Thailand

Mahama

Waloh

Chayutsatid

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Protection

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Limited information exists regarding adulteration of Halal-certified food by substances forbidden under Islamic law (Haram substances). This study was conducted using forensic laboratory testing to investigate the prevalence of this type of adulteration. In this large-scale survey of Halal-certified food products randomly collected from markets in Thailand, 4,829 food samples from 10 food groups were tested in the laboratory for four potentially Haram substances: porcine DNA, porcine fatty acids, ethanol, and hydroxyproline (gelatin). No samples were adulterated with porcine DNA or fatty acids. However, 62 samples (approximately 1.3%) were positive for ethanol (>0.5% for non–naturally fermented products and >1% for naturally fermented products). The hydroxyproline concentration in the samples was compared with that of a negative control. Gelatin, as indicated by the presence of hydroxyproline, was the major suspicious substance found in these products. Further investigations are required to determine whether the gelatin is of Halal origin. These results from this first large-scale postmarket surveillance of Halal-certified food products for forbidden substances reveals the important role of forensic laboratory testing for supporting Halal supervision and certification. These findings provide useful information for government agencies seeking to encourage Halal compliance by food enterprises and for Muslim consumers and Halal food importers and exporters. HIGHLIGHTS

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“…The certi cation or regulatory bodies at the governmental level and testing laboratories could adapt this guideline to develop a standard of TAG and TP analyses for authentication of sh feed sources. Declarations 5.0 Acknowledgement Tables Table 1: The detected outliers and mean of triacylglycerols and thermal properties of fish Factor loading (FL) of first PCA 3,4 Factor loading (FL) of second PCA Tables 3 and 4 are in the supplementary les section.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TAG and TP plots of Figure 1 (Indrasti et al, 2010). The high loading of ICT and FHT in 72:25 and 100:0 L-PO clusters was attributed to the polymorphic transition of high concentration of saturated and unsaturated TAGs (Azir et al, 2017). The PCA had selected the OLL, PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, POO, PPO, PSO, ICT, FHT, LLLn, OOO and CT2 as the biomarkers to identify the sh feed source.…”

Section: Dataset Exploratory By Principal Component Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, these methods are costly for maintenance in testing laboratories (Abbas et al, 2018). Due to these disadvantages, affordable analytical methods using highperformance liquid chromatography refractive index detector (HPLC-RI) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (Naquiah et al, 2017) have successfully identi ed lard adulteration by analysing the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and thermal properties (TPs) of the samples (Azir et al, 2017;Noorzyanna et al, 2017;Yanty et al, 2017). Nonetheless, these identi cation methods were inadequate for authentication purposes since the lard adulteration was identi ed using sample pro ling only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feed forensic strategy: Incorporating multivariate data analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography refractive index detector and differential scanning calorimeter for authentication of fish feed sources

Idris¹,

Sani²,

Hashim³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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This study authenticated fish feed sources and determined lard adulteration using dataset pre-processing, principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) on 19 triacylglycerols (TAGs) and 16 thermal properties (TPs). At cumulative variability (90.625%) and Keiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) value (0.811), the PCA identified strong factor loading variables, i.e., OLL, PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, POO, PPO, PSO, ICT and FHT in PC1 and LLLn, OOO and CT2 in PC2. These variables were significantly (p < 0.05) contributing to lard-palm-oil (L-PO) clusters: (1) POO, PPO and PPL (high loading) and OLL, PLL, OOL, ICT, POL, PSO and FHT (low loading) in 0:100 and 25:75 L-PO clusters; (2) CT2, OOO and LLLn (high loading) in 50:50 L-PO cluster; and (3) OLL, PLL, OOL, ICT, POL, PSO and FHT (high loading) and POO, PPO and PPL (low loading) in 72:25 and 100:0 L-PO clusters. Training, validation and testing datasets had 100%, 84.44% and 100% correct-classification, respectively at p < 0.0001 of Wilks' lambda and p < 0.0001 Fisher distance. The DA selected PLL, OOL, POL, PPL, PSO, ICT and FHT as the significantly authenticating biomarkers (p < 0.05). With determination coefficient (R²) (0.9693), mean square error (MSE) (38.382) and root mean square error (RMSE) (6.195), the PLSR's variable importance in the projection (VIP) identified the most influential biomarkers, i.e., PPL, POL, PPO, OOL, ICT, PLL, FHT, POO and OLL. The Z-test result (p > 0.05) indicated that the PLSR could determine the lard adulteration percentage in fish feed.

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Detection of Lard in Cocoa Butter—Its Fatty Acid Composition, Triacylglycerol Profiles, and Thermal Characteristics

Cited by 23 publications

References 48 publications

Towards the Use of Waste Pig Fat as a Novel Potential Bio-Based Rejuvenator for Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Towards the Use of Waste Pig Fat as a Novel Potential Bio-Based Rejuvenator for Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Postmarket Laboratory Surveillance for Forbidden Substances in Halal-Certified Foods in Thailand

Feed forensic strategy: Incorporating multivariate data analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography refractive index detector and differential scanning calorimeter for authentication of fish feed sources

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