Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Drinking Water and Biofilms by Quantitative PCR

Abstract

It has been suggested that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis has a role in Crohn's disease. The organism may be acquired but is difficult to culture from the environment. We describe a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and the results of its application to drinking water and faucet biofilm samples collected in the United States.

Mycobacterium avium ssp . paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence

“…Thus the prevalence values presented here indicate the current findings; however, future research will likely alter the estimates from this summary of findings table. (Beumer et al, 2010). Prevalence in South Wales (2%) , Italy (3%) (Pistone et al, 2012) : measure of heterogeneity Footnote: The prevalence of M. paratuberculosis in water was investigated in 11 studies using culture and PCR, 10 of which provided useable data and are included in the summaries and meta-analyses presented in this table.…”

Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis

“…paratuberculosis (MAP)is present in pasteurized milk (Millar et al, 1996;Ellingson et al, 2005), infant formula made from pasteurized milk (Hruska et al, 2005), surface water (Pickup et al, 2005;Whan et al, 2005;Pickup et al, 2006), soil (Pickup et al, www.intechopen.com Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis 235 2005), cow manure ''lagoons'' that can leach into surface water, cow manure in both solid and liquid forms that is applied as fertilizer to agricultural land (Grewal et al, 2006), and municipal tap water , providing multiple routes of transmission to humans. In a recent study in Ohio the DNA of MAP was detected in over 80% of domestic water samples (Beumer et al, 2010). Normal water treatment processes such as filtration and chlorination amplify rather than eliminate mycobacteria organisms by killing off their competitors (Falkinham, 2003).…”

Risk Factors for the Presence of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in Human Intestinal Biopsies in Brazil

“…Pasteurization can decrease the bacterial load without eliminating it from dairy products. The same is true for drinking water and wastewater treatment [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…This probably occurs due to the ability of bacteria to form clumps. The bacteria inside the clumps would be protected from the heat by those on the outer surface during pasteurization [13,24]. In addition to the formation of clumps, MAP also has the ability to form a spore-like structure that may hinder its elimination and favor bacterial survival in the environment, as observed in aquatic environments, since MAP has been identified in raw milk and untreated water [11,13,26,27].…”