Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites

Liou, Tai‐Cherng ‐C; Chang, Ting‐Tsung; Young, Kung-Chia; Lin, Xi‐Zhang; Lin, Ching‐Yih; Wu, Hua‐Lin

doi:10.1002/jmv.1890370309

Cited by 173 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…In studies of HCV detection in saliva, urine, and semen, this was also a crucial problem. [18][19][20][21][22][23] They detected 1/1,000 less HCV RNA in these secretions than in sera, which might have been a result of blood contamination. 18,19 In contrast, our comparison of HCV RNA titers between bile and serum showed that HCV RNA levels in bile were as high as those in serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis C virus in the bile and bile duct epithelial cells of hepatitis C virus–Infected patients

Haruna¹

2001

Hepatology

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The pathobiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the biliary system has not been clarified yet, although bile duct damage is a histological finding characteristic of chronic hepatitis C. In this study, we examined whether HCV infects bile ducts and is released into the bile. Twelve patients positive for serum HCV antibody were examined in this study, and eight were seropositive for HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For those who underwent abdominal surgery, the bile was aspirated from the gall bladders by fine needle puncture. Five underwent wedge liver biopsy. Series of saline-diluted bile were assayed for HCV RNA by PCR to determine the HCV RNA titers. To examine HCV expression in the biliary system, the liver specimens were immunostained using monoclonal antibodies to the HCV proteins. HCV RNA was detected in the bile of 5 patients with high serum HCV RNA load (>2.5 Meq/mL). Comparison of viral loads between serum and bile revealed that the HCV RNA level in the bile was as high as that in serum. Furthermore, immunohistological study showed that bile duct epithelial cells were infected with HCV. In contrast, HCV was not found in either the bile or bile duct of patients seronegative for HCV RNA or with low serum HCV load (<1.1 Meq/mL). These findings suggest that the biliary system is involved in the pathobiology of HCV and that the bile is as highly infectious as the serum. (HEPATOLOGY 2001;33:977-980.)Many pathologists have pointed out that bile duct damage is a characteristic histopathological finding of chronic hepatitis C. 1,2 Lymphocyte infiltration to periportal areas and damaged bile ducts is usually recognized in livers with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our previous study suggested that the bile duct damage of HCV-infected patients is closely associated with human leukocyte antigen DR. 3 The bile duct damage may be a result of the host's immunoreaction against HCV-infected bile duct cells. However, the pathobiology of HCV in the biliary system has not been clarified yet.In this study, we focused on the detection of HCV in bile and bile duct cells. We obtained bile by needle aspiration from the gall bladder of HCV-infected patients when they underwent open abdominal surgery. Preliminary trial to detect HCV RNA in bile did not reveal any positive signal in PCR. Therefore, in this study, saline-diluted bile was subjected to PCR to avoid probable inhibition against RNA extraction or PCR procedures by some components of the bile. 4,5 On the other hand, previous immunohistological or in situ hybridization studies for HCV did not detect HCV expression in bile duct. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] To further examine HCV expression in bile ducts, we used surgical wedge liver biopsy specimens, which contained largersized bile ducts instead of the usual needle biopsy specimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS PatientsThe 12 patients studied had serum HCV antibody (ELISA-3, Ortho Diagnostic Systems, NJ) and underwent abdominal surgery. Five patients were female, and seven were male, ranging in age from 48 to 7...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis C virus in the bile and bile duct epithelial cells of hepatitis C virus–Infected patients

Haruna¹

2001

Hepatology

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“…Blood in the saliva samples may contribute to these discrepant results. We did not perform specific tests to investigate the possibility of occult blood in the saliva samples, Liou et al [1] and Komiyama et al [5] demonstrated that the presence of blood in saliva samples did not correlate with the presence of HCV-RNA in the same samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five out of 38 publications reported100% HCV-RNA detection in saliva samples from HCV-positive patients [16,17,25,29,38]; however, only a few cases or only patients with sialoadenitis were considered in these studies, which may represent a caveat. When reports with sample sizes larger than 30 HCV-positive patients were considered separately, the broad variability of frequencies was evident, ranging from 0 to 66% [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. This variation in HCV-RNA detection frequencies in saliva samples may be due to the saliva sampling method used.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva samples from patients with seric anti-HCV antibodies

Gonçalves¹,

Cunha²,

Busek³

et al. 2005

Braz J Infect Dis

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We examined the frequency of HCV-RNA in saliva samples from anti-HCV positive patients. Both plasma and saliva samples from 39 HCV patients (13 with normal liver enzymes, 19 with abnormal liver enzymes and 13 with cirrhosis) were investigated. Stimulated saliva and fresh plasma were centrifuged (900 x g,10 min) and stored at -70 o C, after the addition of guanidine isothiocyanate RNA extraction buffer. HCV-RNA was detected by RT-nested-PCR (amplification of HCV-cDNA for two rounds, using HCV primers 939/209 and 940/211). HCV genotyping was carried out by RFLP (using Mva I and Hinf 1 or Hae III and Rsa I restriction enzymes). Thirty-two out of 39 (82%; 95% CI=70-94%) anti-HCV-positive patients had HCV-RNA in plasma samples. Eight out of 39 (20.5%; 95% CI=6.6-34.4%) had HCV-RNA in the saliva. The HCV genotype in saliva samples from these patients matched the genotype found for plasma HCV-RNA. No significant correlation between the presence of HCV and either age, gender, HCV genotype or any risk factor for HCV infection was found. The observed prevalence (20.5% of anti HCV positive patients or 25% of the patients with HCV-RNA in plasma) was lower than that previously reported from other countries. The low frequency of HCV-RNA in saliva samples observed in our study may be due to the use of cell-free saliva. Other authors reporting higher frequencies of HCV-RNA in saliva used whole saliva, without centrifugation.

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“…However, HCV RNA has been measured in the saliva of infected individuals independent of mucosal lesions and periodontal disease (Liou et al 1992, Fabris et al 1999, Hermida et al 2002, Lins et al 2005. Additionally, HCV could enter the saliva via peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Roy et al 1998, Fabris et al 1999, Maticic et al 2001; however, the presence of HCV RNA in PBMCs and saliva have not been closely correlated (Young et al 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%