Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography

Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin; Pacheco, Juan M.; Packer, Craig; Rodrı́guez, Luis L.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.003

Cited by 112 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Consequently, body temperature is a criterion of great interest and needs to be monitored as closely as possible, in an attempt to increase early detection and treatment of a number of economically important illnesses, such as cattle foot and mouth disease (Rainwater-Lovett et al, 2009), bovine respiratory disease (Schaefer et al, 2012), horse lameness (Eddy et al, 2001), classical swine fever virus (Lohse et al, 2010) or poultry bumblefoot (Wilcox et al, 2009).…”

Section: About Homeothermymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methods to Measure Animal Body Temperature in Precision Farming

Sellier¹,

Guettier²,

Staub³

2014

AJAST

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Automation of phenotypic measurements of livestock has become a more important goal for scientists and also for farmers who need a more precise, real-time knowledge of their animals. Among physiological measures, body temperature and its variations are key indicators of the physiological health and well-being of animals. Although measuring the body temperature may seem a trivial matter, its implementation is faced with many difficulties both at biological and technological levels in a field of constant progress. Today, there are many studies reporting taking temperature measurements without restraining animals. The present report focuses on the two main approaches to temperature measurements that use direct contact or radiation sensors. Specifically, we investigated the use of thermocouples, thermistors and infrared radiation sensors. A wide literature review using one of these techniques was conducted in which different animal species, different purposes, different experimental designs, various equipments, and different devices and gold standard methods are discussed. These technologies will continue their dizzying development, leading to new communication protocols, sensors miniaturization and a more efficient management of energy. These developments will have a direct impact on the increase of reading distances and the amount of information stored. In response to the request of farmers and researchers, integrated monitoring systems are already marketed with user-friendly interfaces and softwares for complex data storage and treatments.

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Section: About Homeothermymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methods to Measure Animal Body Temperature in Precision Farming

Sellier¹,

Guettier²,

Staub³

2014

AJAST

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“…Other studies have also described a correlation between feed efficiency and IR surface temperatures in beef steers (Montanholi et al, 2010) and turkeys (Case et al, 2012). An increase in the local temperature was used in combination with environmental temperature monitoring as an early detection method for mastitis (Berry et al, 2003), to detect hoof lesions in dairy cows (Alsaaod and Büscher, 2012) and, by measuring the foot temperatures of cattle, to detect foot-and-mouth disease (Rainwater-Lovett et al, 2009). An increase in systemic body temperature as sign of an infection was revealed by an early increase in the eye or orbital temperatures in calves (Schaefer et al, 2004), ponies (Johnson et al, 2011) and humans (Ng et al, 2004;Chiang et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IR thermography has been used in recent years as a non-invasive method in many animal species as well as in humans. The method is a useful tool in predicting increases in local (Rainwater-Lovett et al, 2009) or systemic body temperature (e.g., Johnson et al, 2011), which can serve as a tool to assess stress in dairy cows (Stewart et al, 2007) and sport horses (Bartolomé et al, 2013) and to predict cow oestrus (Talukder et al, 2014). Furthermore, Kammersgaard et al (2013) showed the utility of IR thermography in † E-mail: ghoffmann@atb-potsdam.de Animal (2016), 10:9, pp 1542-1546 © The Animal Consortium 2015 doi:10.1017/S1751731115001354 animal 1542 evaluating the thermal status of neonatal pigs.…”

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confidence: 99%

First investigations to refine video-based IR thermography as a non-invasive tool to monitor the body temperature of calves

Hoffmann

Schmidt

Ammon

2016

animal

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In this study, a video-based infrared camera (IRC) was investigated as a tool to monitor the body temperature of calves. Body surface temperatures were measured contactless using videos from an IRC fixed at a certain location in the calf feeder. The body surface temperatures were analysed retrospectively at three larger areas: the head area (in front of the forehead), the body area (behind forehead) and the area of the entire animal. The rectal temperature served as a reference temperature and was measured with a digital thermometer at the corresponding time point. A total of nine calves (Holstein-Friesians, 8 to 35 weeks old) were examined. The average maximum temperatures of the area of the entire animal (mean ± SD: 37.66 ± 0.90°C) and the head area (37.64 ± 0.86°C) were always higher than that of the body area (36.75 ± 1.06°C). The temperatures of the head area and of the entire animal were very similar. However, the maximum temperatures as measured using IRC increased with an increase in calf rectal temperature. The maximum temperatures of each video picture for the entire visible body area of the calves appeared to be sufficient to measure the superficial body temperature. The advantage of the video-based IRC over conventional IR single-picture cameras is that more than one picture per animal can be analysed in a short period of time. This technique provides more data for analysis. Thus, this system shows potential as an indicator for continuous temperature measurements in calves.Keywords: calves, health control, IR thermography, non-invasive, temperature Implications A tool that continuously measures body temperature in calves can improve the health and welfare of the animals and therefore holds implications in calf housing. This could serve as an early warning system to support the farmer in monitoring the health of his calves, particularly in critical periods and subclinical cases. A video-based IR thermography system could represent a fast and non-invasive method that can be installed in a calf feeder to automatically measure the body temperature of each animal daily. IntroductionThe rectal temperature is one of the most important disease indicators in livestock production. The procedure itself, however, is time consuming and requires direct contact with animals.In contrast, IR thermography represents a non-invasive, contactless method to measure body surface temperature, which can be used as an indicator of core body temperature in cattle (e.g., George et al., 2014). Using rectal temperature is a common method used by veterinarians and farmers; however, there are limitations to this method. Investigations showed that both the technique used when administering a digital thermometer and the thermometer type can affect the measured values (Burfeind et al., 2010;Naylor et al., 2012). Other technologies have been developed to continuously record body temperature in cattle, for example, boluses to measure the rumen temperature (Rose-Dye et al., 2011) and sensors to measure the milk temperature in automatic m...

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“…Potentially, the same system could also be used to monitor the animal's health (through variations in temperature) and its relationship to its behaviour, as IR imaging has been used for the detection of disease and flu symptoms (Gariepy et al, 1989;Rainwater-Lovett et al, 2009;Schaefer et al, 2007;Stewart et al, 2007;Banhazi et al, 2009a). This would also immensely improve traceability.…”

Section: Future Research Possibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

Tscharke

Banhazi²

2016

JAI

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It is desirable to increase the frequency between livestock welfare assessments to enhance problem identification and consumer confidence in livestock welfare management. However, animal welfare is difficult to monitor in practice, due to the inefficiencies involved in manually documenting and determining, animal behaviour, social interaction and health condition of large numbers of animals. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a welfare assessment relies on the intuition of the observer which may vary considerably between assessors. Hence, this review investigates the application of machine vision systems to recognise and monitor the behaviour of animals in a quantitative manner. Behaviour-recognition concepts, techniques, and current behaviour monitoring systems are reviewed. Findings indicate that further research is required to develop systems that can monitor the behaviour and welfare of animals' more efficiently and effectively in commercially realistic environments. Introduction: Livestock Behaviour and Vision SystemsMeasuring and assessing the behaviour of livestock is important as it can be used to indicate their welfare status (Dutta et al., 2015;Porto et al., 2014). Behaviour is formed from an animal's continuous interaction with its environment (Figure 1). Animal behaviour is a response to an internal stimuli (physiological) such as hunger or an external stimuli such as climate. If the goal of the behaviour is not, or cannot, be achieved the animal may change its behaviour or physiological response (Busse et al., 2015). There is potential for welfare problems to arise when there are inadequate environmental enrichments to support the behavioural needs of livestock.It has been argued that the husbandry methods used in intensive livestock production have resulted in the deprivation of some naturally occurring behaviours (Fraser, 1983). Producers have a strong interest in maintaining the welfare of their livestock from both economic and ethical perspectives. As often proactive welfare management has a positive effect on a farm's production efficiency and the quality and marketability of the end product (Kashiha et al., 2013).The observation processes currently used to measure livestock behaviour are subjective, as farm workers perform the welfare assessment. The worker's involvement in these tasks are necessary and therefore increase the demand on the labour and costs associated with monitoring animal behaviour. These factors have potential to influence the level of attention each animal receives (Oczak et al., 2013;Pereira et al., 2013). Thus, behavioural measurements are open for interpretation and have potential to be overlooked.Given the problems mentioned above, this review investigates the application of machine vision systems to recognise and monitor the behaviour of animals in a quantitative manner. Specifically in this article, behaviour-recognition concepts, techniques, and current behaviour monitoring systems are reviewed. Applying machine vision systems to the behaviour recognition taskTo over...

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Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography

Cited by 112 publications

References 19 publications

A Review of Methods to Measure Animal Body Temperature in Precision Farming

A Review of Methods to Measure Animal Body Temperature in Precision Farming

First investigations to refine video-based IR thermography as a non-invasive tool to monitor the body temperature of calves

A brief review of the application of machine vision in livestock behaviour analysis

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