Detection of food-borne bacteria in ready to eat betel leaf sold at local markets in Mymensingh

Abstract

Aim:The present study was undertaken to determine bacterial load as well as characterize bacterial flora of ready to eat (RTE) betel leaf sold at local markets in Mymensingh city.Materials and Methods:A total of 25 RTE betel leaf samples were collected from five local markets such as Kamal-Ranjit (KR) market, Shesh more, Kewatkhali, Jobber more, and Ganginar par.Results:Total viable count of bacteria in betel leaf (log10 mean colony forming unit±standard deviation/ml) was 7.58±0.04 for KR market, 7.72±0.06 for Shesh more, 7.62±0.04 for Kewatkhali, 7.40±0.03 for Jobber more, and 7.60±0.06 for Ganginar par. A total of 98 bacterial isolates belong to five genera (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp.) were identified. The prevalence of E. coli was 17.34%, Salmonella spp. was 25.51%, Vibrio spp. was 19.39%, Bacillus spp. was 18.37%, and Staphylococcus spp. was 19.39%. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all isolates were sensitive to two antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Four isolates (E. coli, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., and Staphylococcus spp.) were resistant to two antibiotics (ampicillin and cephalexin). Antibiogram profile of bacterial isolates of betel leaf suggests that they were multidrug resistance.Conclusion:Data of this study indicate that betel leaf sold at local market harbors multidrug resistance food-borne bacteria which might cause public health hazards if these antibiotic resistant transfer to human through food chain.

Detection of Potential Bacterial Pathogens and Aflatoxigenic Fungi from Grain Samples

“…were sensitive of Ciprofloxacin (100%) and the isolates were found resistant to Kanamycin (100%) followed by Neomycin (50%), Gentamycin (50%) and Chloramphenicol (50%). These findings were more or less similar to the findings of Haque et al (2017) and Munaomar et al (2018).…”

“…The antibiotic study (Figure 8) revealed that isolated E. coli were sensitive of Ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by Gentamycin (66.7%), the isolates were found resistant to Penicillin (100%), Vancomycin (100%) and Erythromycin (100%). These findings were more or less similar to the findings of Haque et al (2017). The antibiotic study (Figure 9) revealed isolated Klebsiella spp.…”

“…were sensitive of Ciprofloxacin (100%) and the isolates were found resistant to Penicillin (100%), Erythromycin (100%), followed by Gentamycin (60%), Neomycin (60%). These findings were more or less similar to the findings of Haque et al (2017). The antibiotic study (Figure 8) revealed that isolated E. coli were sensitive of Ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by Gentamycin (66.7%), the isolates were found resistant to Penicillin (100%), Vancomycin (100%) and Erythromycin (100%).…”

“…were isolated with 16%, 28%, 16%, and 16% prevalence respectively. The similar study was made by Haque et al, (2017) and Munaomar et al (2018) in which they reported the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. from the positive grain samples with a prevalence of 100%, 50%, and 80% respectively.…”

A roadmap from unknowns to knowns: Advancing our understanding of the microbiomes of commercially available tobacco products

“…Other common forms of chewing tobacco in Southeast Asia are betel leaf (commonly known as paan), gutka, khaini, and zarda. Culture studies have identified Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Vibrio , Bacillus , and Staphylococcus from paan (Haque et al 2017 ), Klebsiella from gutka, and Bacillus from khaini and zarda (Shetty and Hegde 2015 ; Mehra et al 2020 ). A South African pilot study on local smokeless tobacco products also showed the presence of Bacillus in three traditional tobacco mixes and two industry-produced tobacco mixes (Taxi and Ntsu) (Ayo-Yusuf et al 2005 ).…”