“…The use of PDC analyses is growing in literature (Winterhalder et al, 2006; Sato et al, 2009); it has been validated in real neurophysiological data (Fanselow et al, 2001; Wang et al, 2003, 2004, 2008; Winterhalder et al, 2005; Huang et al, 2006) as well as in several theoretical studies using simulated data (Sameshima and Baccalá, 1999; Baccala and Sameshima, 2001; Schelter et al, 2006a,b; Takahashi et al, 2010), to demonstrate expected changes in brain networks that other less complex methods had failed to identify. As examples, PDC was able to uncover dopaminergic-dependent changes in connectivity between visual and motor areas in Parkinson patients that were undetectable by traditional spectral analysis (Tropini et al, 2011), and it was used to identify the directionality of widespread oscillatory brain interactions during visual object processing in the recognition of familiar vs. unfamiliar objects (Supp et al, 2007).…”