“…The functionality of the used sensors is mainly based on the optical (fluorescence [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], phosphorescence [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], chemiluminescence [ 49 ] or color-change [ 50 , 51 ]) and electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [ 52 ], potentiometric [ 53 , 54 ] or voltammetric methods [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ]) detection techniques. However, to a lesser extent, electromechanical-based mass sensors (quartz crystal microbalance [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ], electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance [ 80 ] and quartz crystal tuning fork devices [ 81 …”