“…Basically, autoantibodies that have been identified in the sera of HIV-1-infected patients can be divided into three distinct but overlapping groups of autoantigens. These include autoantibodies against cell surface molecules such as CD4, MHC class I and II, TCR, and Fas, to name a few; [13][14][15][16][17] organ-specific autoantibodies such as antiplatelet antibodies, anti-cardiac myosin antibodies, anti-smooth musclespecific antibodies, and anti-erythroid cell-specific antibodies; [18][19][20] and, lastly, nonorgan-specific antibodies such as antinuclear antibodies, antihistone antibodies, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, [21][22][23][24] and antiphospholipid antibodies. 25 Each of these categories of antibodies has been characterized to contribute to the pathogenesis of human HIV-1 infection.…”