Detection of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from North Gujarat, India

Abstract

Amitraz has become one of the most extensively used chemical acaricide for control of cattle tick due to development of resistance against most of the organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid acaricides. The resistance status of amitraz was evaluated against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India by adult immersion test (AIT). The different concentrations of amitraz utilized in the AIT were 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm. The adult female ticks showed an upward trend in the mortality percentage with increase in drug concentration. The regression graph of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of amitraz was utilized for the determination of slope of mortality which was 1.868 ± 0.2068. The lethal concentration (LC 95 ) was calculated as 3098.2 ppm and the RF was 24.78 which indicated level II resistance status. The dose response curves for egg masses, reproductive index and inhibition of oviposition of R. (B.) microplus were also validated and the slope was -0.5165 ± 0.08287, -0.1328 ± 0.04472 and 24.22 ± 8.160, respectively. The current study appears to be the pioneer report of amitraz resistance in R. (B.) microplus from India and the data generated could be of immense help to develop effective control strategies against ticks.

Detection of acaricidal resistance in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from Banaskantha district, Gujarat

“…microplus ticks from various parts of world (Jonsson et al 2000;Ducornez et al 2005) but published reports of amitraz resistance in H. a. anatolicum are currently not available. As regards Indian scenario, resistance against amitraz has been scarcely reported probably because the use of amitraz for tick control started late in near past after the development of resistance against organophosphates and synthetic (Singh et al 2013b). The slope of mortality of H. a. anatolicum against increasing concentrations of cypermethrin was 0.06559 ± 0.01667 whereas; the value of R 2 was 0.8377.…”

“…(B.) microplus (Chaudhary and Naithani 1964; Khan and Srivastava 1977;Basu and Haldar 1997;Singh et al 2010Singh et al , 2012Singh et al , 2013bKumar et al 2011Kumar et al , 2013Sharma et al 2012). However, reports of development of resistance in multi host tick H. a. anatolicum are limited (Sangwan et al 1993;Shyma et al 2012;Singh et al 2013a).…”

Effect of Various Acaricides on Hatchability of Eggs ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…(B.) microplus [16, 17] followed by dieldrin [18], sevin [19], lindane [20], diazinon [6], synthetic pyrethroids [2, 21–23], amitraz [24, 25], and malathion [26]. However, in the current system of livestock production in developing countries, the tick control cannot be imagined without the use of acaricide despite the increasing resistant tick population due to the absence of newer generation acaricides.…”

Analysis of Bm86 conserved epitopes: is a global vaccine against Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus possible?

“…Control of these parasites is mainly achieved through the use of acaricides. However, the pressure of use has genetically selected tick populations resistant to these products, resulting in serious problems such as a shortage of new acaricidal chemical entities and the accumulation of residues in both the environment and products of animal origin (ANDREOTTI et al, 2011;RECK et al, 2014;SINGH et al 2015). Therefore, the search for alternative control methods has become increasingly necessary.…”