Detection of A/H5N1 virus from asymptomatic native ducks in mid-summer in Egypt

Hassan, M. Kabir; Jobre, Y.; Arafa, Abdel-Satar; Mostafa, Ahmed; Kilany, Walid H.; Khoulosy, S. G.; Bakry, Neveen R; Baile, E; Ali, Ahmed; Ankers, P.; Liu, Juan

doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1599-x

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although most of our sampling was in the summer, the prevalence of H5N1 in Egyptian poultry is highest during the cold winter months (Hassan et al, 2013). Collecting more samples during this peak time might have allowed us to detect H5N1 in Damietta governorate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt

Sheta

Fuller

Larison

et al. 2014

Veterinary Microbiology

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Highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes significant poultry mortality in the six countries where it is endemic and can also infect humans. Egypt has reported the third highest number of poultry outbreaks (n=1,084) globally. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify putative risk factors for H5N1 infections in backyard poultry in 16 villages in Damietta, El Gharbia, Fayoum, and Menofia governorates from 2010–2012. Cloacal and tracheal swabs and serum samples from domestic (n=1242)and wild birds (n=807) were tested for H5N1 via RT-PCR and hemagglutination inhibition, respectively. We measured poultry rearing practices with questionnaires (n=306 households) and contact rates among domestic and wild bird species with scan sampling. Domestic birds (chickens, ducks, and geese, n = 51) in three governorates tested positive for H5N1 by PCR or serology. A regression model identified a significant correlation between H5N1 in poultry and the practice of disposing of dead poultry and poultry feces in the garbage (F = 15.7, p< 0.0001). In addition, contact between domestic and wild birds was more frequent in villages where we detected H5N1 in backyard flocks (F= 29.5, p< 0.0001).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt

Sheta

Fuller

Larison

et al. 2014

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Also, in contrast to chickens, waterfowl can be silently infected with A/H5N1 [25-29] which may maintain the virus in the LBMs for longer periods. It has been previously described that A/H5N1 infections are high in Upper Egypt particularly in the Nile Delta which could be considered as the influenza epicentre in Egypt where major metropolitan areas with dense human populations are concentrated and a lot of poultry are likely to be traded and consumed [3,7,10,13,19,26]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance on A/H5N1 virus in domestic poultry and wild birds in Egypt

El-Zoghby¹,

Aly²,

Nasef³

et al. 2013

Virol J

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BackgroundThe endemic H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) in poultry in Egypt continues to cause heavy losses in poultry and poses a significant threat to human health.MethodsHere we describe results of A/H5N1 surveillance in domestic poultry in 2009 and wild birds in 2009–2010. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from domestic poultry from 22024 commercial farms, 1435 backyards and 944 live bird markets (LBMs) as well as from 1297 wild birds representing 28 different types of migratory birds. Viral RNA was extracted from a mix of tracheal and cloacal swabs media. Matrix gene of avian influenza type A virus was detected using specific real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and positive samples were tested by RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of the H5 and N1 genes.ResultsIn this surveillance, A/H5N1 was detected from 0.1% (n = 23/) of examined commercial poultry farms, 10.5% (n = 151) of backyard birds and 11.4% (n = 108) of LBMs but no wild bird tested positive for A/H5N1. The virus was detected from domestic poultry year-round with higher incidence in the warmer months of summer and spring particularly in backyard birds. Outbreaks were recorded mostly in Lower Egypt where 95.7% (n = 22), 68.9% (n = 104) and 52.8% (n = 57) of positive commercial farms, backyards and LBMs were detected, respectively. Higher prevalence (56%, n = 85) was reported in backyards that had mixed chickens and waterfowl together in the same vicinity and LBMs that had waterfowl (76%, n = 82).ConclusionOur findings indicated broad circulation of the endemic A/H5N1 among poultry in 2009 in Egypt. In addition, the epidemiology of A/H5N1 has changed over time with outbreaks occurring in the warmer months of the year. Backyard waterfowl may play a role as a reservoir and/or source of A/H5N1 particularly in LBMs. The virus has been established in poultry in the Nile Delta where major metropolitan areas, dense human population and poultry stocks are concentrated. Continuous surveillance, tracing the source of live birds in the markets and integration of multifaceted strategies and global collaboration are needed to control the spread of the virus in Egypt.

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“…33,34 As of the end of 2011, approximately most of the domesticated birds have been infected with the virus including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, quails, and ostrich as well as zoo birds 30,35,36 and evidence for the persistence of the virus in native-ducks in the backyards in mid-summer 2011 was reported. 37 In the first outbreak in 2006 we could not detect the virus from pigeons, 30 however in 2009-2010 the viral RNA was detected in one pigeon and in 2010-2012 in 36 samples. 35,36 A recent study described an outbreak in a small backyard pigeons flock in 2011 with mortality up to 50%.…”

Section: H5n1mentioning

confidence: 99%