Detection mechanisms in L-, M-, and S-cone contrast space

Cole, Graeme R.; Hine, Trevor John; McIlhagga, William

doi:10.1364/josaa.10.000038

Cited by 186 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…is the spectrum of light entering the eye; k i is an arbitrary scaling factor; and integration is over the visible spectrum. For the sake of simplicity we set k i so that the quantum catches for the background are equal to unity, giving a receptor contrast space (Cole et al 1993), i.e.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, models assuming that colour is coded by opponent chromatic mechanisms and by an achromatic mechanism (Jameson & Hurvich 1955) explain a variety of psychophysical data (Sperling & Harwerth 1971;Guth et al 1980;Yeh et al 1993;Sankeralli & Mullen 1996;Cole et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, when thresholds are used to investigate a given mechanism, a key assumption is that noise in this mechanism is dominant. In colour vision, analysis of discrimination thresholds has been based on models which assume performance is limited either by receptor (Helmholtz 1896;Stiles 1946;Trabka 1968), or alternatively by post-receptoral stages (Sperling & Harwerth 1971;Guth et al 1980;Foster & Snelgar 1983;Yeh et al 1993;Sankeralli & Mullen 1996;Cole et al 1993), and only rarely by both (Vos & Walraven 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds

Vorobyev

Osorio

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

1,114

1,376

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Inferences about mechanisms at one particular stage of a visual pathway may be made from psychophysical thresholds only if the noise at the stage in question dominates that in the others. Spectral sensitivities, measured under bright conditions, for di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic eyes from a range of animals can be modelled by assuming that thresholds are set by colour opponency mechanisms whose performance is limited by photoreceptor noise, the achromatic signal being disregarded. Noise in the opponency channels themselves is therefore not statistically independent, and it is not possible to infer anything more about the channels from psychophysical thresholds. As well as giving insight into mechanisms of vision, the model predicts the performance of colour vision in animals where physiological and anatomical data on the eye are available, but there are no direct measurements of perceptual thresholds. The model, therefore, is widely applicable to comparative studies of eye design and visual ecology.

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds

Vorobyev

Osorio

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

1,114

1,376

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“…Yet under other conditions performance can be well described by the independent signals along the S and L -M axes (Boynton & Kambe, 1980;Cole, Hine & McIlhagga, 1993;Krauskopf & Farell, 1990;Krauskopf & Gegenfurtner, 1992;Le Grand, 1949;Nagy & Sanchez, 1990;Stromeyer & Lee, 1988).…”

Section: Contrast Adaptation and Color Appearance 1995mentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of contrast adaptation on color appearance

1994

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Most models of color vision assume that signals from the three classes of cone receptor are recoded into only three independent post-receptoral channels: one that encodes luminance and two that encode color. Stimuli that are equated for their effects on two of the channels should be discriminable only to the remaining channel, and are thus assumed to isolate the responses of single channels. We used an asymmetric matching task to examine whether such models can account for changes in color appearance following adaptation to contrast-to temporal variations in luminance and chromaticity around a fixed mean luminance and chromaticity. The experiments extend to suprathreshold color appearance the threshold adaptation paradigm of Krauskopf, Williams and Heeley ((1982) Vision Research, 32, 112>1131]. Adaptation changes the perceived color of chromatic test stimuli both by reducing their saturation (contrast) and by changing their hue (direction within the equiluminant plane). The saturation losses are largest for test stimuli that lie along the chromatic axis defining the adapting modulation, while the hue changes are rotations away from the adapting direction and toward an orthogonal direction within the S and L-M plane. Similar selective changes in both perceived color and perceived lightness occur following adaptation to stimuli that covary in luminance and chromatic@. The selectivity of the aftereffects for multiple directions within color-luminance space is inconsistent with sensitivity changes in only three independent channels. These aftereffects suggest instead that color appearance depends on channels that can be selectively tuned to any color-luminance direction, and that there are no directions that invariably isolate responses in only a single channel. We use the perceived color changes to examine the spectral sensitivities of the chromatic channels and to estimate the distribution of channels. We also examine how adaptation alters the contrast-response function, how it affects reaction times for luminance and chromatic contrast, the extent to which the aftereffects exhibit interocular transfer, and the way in which the perceived color changes differ from those induced by conventional light adaptation. Color appearance Luminance and chromatic channels Contrast adaptation Cardinal color directions Color-luminance interactions INTRODUCTIONMost models of color vision assume only three independent post-receptoral channels-one that encodes luminance and two that encode color (Lennie & D'Zmura, 1988). The luminance channel depends on inputs of the same sign from different cone classes, while the chromatic channels draw inputs of opposite sign. However, the number and nature of the post-receptoral transformations of the cone signals remain ill established. The phenomenal appearance of chromatic stimuli suggested two "second-stage" chromatic channels whose responses correspond to sensations of red-green or blue-yellow (Hurvich & Jameson, 1957 Grand, 1949; Krauskopf, Williams & Heeley, 1982). Stimuli that isolate...

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“…In general, stimuli with large sizes and long durations increase the sensitivity of the color opponent mechanisms relative to that of the achromatic with the L-M mechanism being the most sensitive. For example, Cole et al [7] showed that the L-M mechanism could be one order of magnitude more sensitive than the other mechanisms. Furthermore, several studies have shown that both the Rabin CCT and the OBVA CCT are very effective at identifying and classifying color deficiency [8] although there are clearly differences between them that should be examined [9].…”

Section: New Techniques Used In the Obva Cctmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Based Vision Assessment Cone Contrast Test: Description and Operation

Gaska¹,

Winterbottom²,

Atta³

2016

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTDISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESCleared, 88PA, Case # 2016-3064, 20 Jun 2016. Report contains color. ABSTRACTThe work detailed in this report was conducted by the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA) Laboratory, Aeromedical Research Department, Human Performance Branch, U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, with support from SpecPro Technical Services. The report describes the development and operation of an improved version of the Rabin cone contrast test (CCT) currently used by the Air Force for aircrew color vision screening. The new OBVA CCT is differentiated from the Rabin device primarily by hardware, test procedures, and analysis techniques. Like the Rabin CCT, the OBVA CCT uses colors that selectively stimulate the cone photoreceptors of the standard human observer. The OBVA CCT builds on the success of the Rabin CCT through the use of highly accurate color display calibration, use of Landolt C optotypes to simplify response entry, and adoption of adaptive threshold estimation procedures well described in the research literature. This report summarizes the color calibration procedure and operation of the OBVA CCT and presents preliminary data demonstrating the validity of the new test for identifying and classifying protanomalous and deuteranomalous (red/green) color deficient individuals. SUBJECT TERMSColor vision screening, color vision, vision testing, aircrew selection, U.S. Air Force color vision standards, cone contrast test, CCT

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Detection mechanisms in L-, M-, and S-cone contrast space

Cited by 186 publications

References 46 publications

Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds

Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds

The influence of contrast adaptation on color appearance

Operational Based Vision Assessment Cone Contrast Test: Description and Operation

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