Detection by RT-PCR and genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from vaccinated and non-vaccinated dogs in Argentina

Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Canine distemper virus modified live vaccine shedding for differentiation from infection with wild-type strains

“…This quantitative information allows discrimination of vaccine interference from infection with a wild-type strain of distemper virus as the amount of virus present during infection is typically exponentially more than would be detected because of recent vaccination There have been multiple gel-based PCR protocols designed to distinguish vaccine strains from wild-type strains. [2][3][4]6,15,20,22,24 Such tests are designed to take advantage of sequence differences between the vaccine strains and wildtype strains. Most of the tests amplify regions of the hemagglutinin (H) gene 4,6,15,24 or the matrix gene-fusion gene (M-F) intergenic region, 3,20 which have been discovered to be variable among CDV strains.…”

Phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin gene of wild-type strains of canine distemper virus in southern Brazil

“…CD continues to affect dogs in Brazil, where the cost associated with treating the systemic effects of the disease is estimated at US$147.5-160.3 million/year (Headley et al, 2012). Although the incidence of CD has increased in both unvaccinated and vaccinated dogs in developed countries (Blixenkrone-Möller et al, 1993;Decaro et al, 2004;Calderon et al, 2007), CD is still endemic in several urban Brazilian cities (Headley et al, 2012). CD outbreaks in domestic dogs and wild animal populations might be caused by the antigenic drift of wild-type strains of CDV, especially that in the H gene (Greene and Vandevelde, 2012), whereas subclinically infected roaming dogs might be a constant source of infection in some urban canine populations in Brazil (Headley et al, 2012).…”

Molecular and Serological Detection of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in Rural Dogs, Iran

“…It is highly transmissible acute or sub-acute fevered infection that has been recognized since 1760 (1,2). Even if vaccination with attenuated virus against CDV has been permitted for the control of infection, this infection remains an important disease of dogs and epidemics of CD have been documented in many countries (3)(4)(5)(6). The high price of the vaccine, vaccine miscarriage, and absence of cautiousness about the significance of vaccination, other than the lack of a national pet registration policy and laboratory-based disease diagnostic services are some of the reasons that cause perpetuation of the CDV in Iran.…”

“…Above all, RT-PCR combined with Nested PCR (RT-nested PCR) seems faster and it is a more sensitive method for the identification of CD (8,9,11). Even if diverse viral gene sequences have been classified for recognition of CDV in biological specimens, the conserved nucleoprotein (NP) gene is considered to be a better objective for amplification of particular fragments from all CDV strains (3,7,8,12). The aim of current investigation was to examine the advantages of Nested-PCR, RT-PCR (based on CDV NP gene detection) and SN test for the laboratory diagnosis of CD in different samples of clinically suspected dogs for the first time in Iran.…”